style

Co-authored-by: Albert Villanova del Moral <8515462+albertvillanova@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: YonatanGideoni <yonatan.gideoni@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: burtenshaw <ben.burtenshaw@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: sergiopaniego <sergiopaniegoblanco@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: lewtun <lewis.c.tunstall@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Kashif Rasul <kashif.rasul@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/slow-tests.yml

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
       CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES: "0,1"
       TEST_TYPE: "multi_gpu"
     container:
-      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.6.0-cuda12.6-cudnn9-devel
+      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.8.0-cuda12.8-cudnn9-devel
       options: --gpus all --shm-size "16gb"
     defaults:
       run:
@@ -102,19 +102,10 @@ jobs:
           source .venv/bin/activate
           make slow_tests
 
-      - name: Run end-to-end examples tests on multi GPU
-        if: always()
-        run: |
-          source .venv/bin/activate
-          uv pip install deepspeed
-          make test_examples
-
       - name: Generate Reports
         if: always()
         run: |
           source .venv/bin/activate
           uv pip install slack_sdk tabulate
           python scripts/log_reports.py >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          python scripts/log_example_reports.py --text_file_name temp_results_sft_tests.txt >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          python scripts/log_example_reports.py --text_file_name temp_results_dpo_tests.txt >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
           rm *.txt

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ on:
       - "scripts/**.py"
       - "tests/**.py"
       - "trl/**.py"
-      - "setup.py"
+      - "pyproject.toml"
 
 env:
   TQDM_DISABLE: 1
   CI_SLACK_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.CI_PUSH_MAIN_CHANNEL }}
+  PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF: "expandable_segments:True"
 
 jobs:
   check_code_quality:
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on:
       group: aws-g4dn-2xlarge
     container:
-      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.6.0-cuda12.6-cudnn9-devel
+      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.8.0-cuda12.8-cudnn9-devel
       options: --gpus all
     defaults:
       run:
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on:
       group: aws-g4dn-2xlarge
     container:
-      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.6.0-cuda12.6-cudnn9-devel
+      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.8.0-cuda12.8-cudnn9-devel
       options: --gpus all
     defaults:
       run:
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ jobs:
           uv pip install -U git+https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate.git
           uv pip install -U git+https://github.com/huggingface/datasets.git
           uv pip install -U git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.git
-          
+          uv pip install -U git+https://github.com/huggingface/peft.git
 
       - name: Test with pytest
         run: |
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on:
       group: aws-g4dn-2xlarge
     container:
-      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.6.0-cuda12.6-cudnn9-devel
+      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.8.0-cuda12.8-cudnn9-devel
       options: --gpus all
     defaults:
       run:
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on:
       group: aws-g4dn-2xlarge
     container:
-      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.6.0-cuda12.6-cudnn9-devel
+      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.8.0-cuda12.8-cudnn9-devel
       options: --gpus all
     defaults:
       run:

.github/workflows/tests_latest.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on:
       group: aws-g4dn-2xlarge
     container:
-      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.6.0-cuda12.6-cudnn9-devel
+      image: pytorch/pytorch:2.8.0-cuda12.8-cudnn9-devel
       options: --gpus all
     defaults:
       run:
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Git checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with: { ref: v0.23-release }
+        with: { ref: v0.24-release }
 
       - name: Set up Python 3.12
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5

CITATION.cff

@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ keywords:
   - pytorch
   - transformers
 license: Apache-2.0
-version: "0.23"
+version: "0.24"

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
 # How to contribute to TRL?
 
-Everyone is welcome to contribute, and we value everybody's contribution. Code
-contributions are not the only way to help the community. Answering questions, helping
-others, and improving the documentation are also immensely valuable.
+Everyone is welcome to contribute, and we value everybody's contribution. Code contributions are not the only way to help the community. Answering questions, helping others, and improving the documentation are also immensely valuable.
 
-It also helps us if you spread the word! Reference the library in blog posts
-about the awesome projects it made possible, shout out on Twitter every time it has
-helped you, or simply ⭐️ the repository to say thank you.
+It also helps us if you spread the word! Reference the library in blog posts about the awesome projects it made possible, shout out on Twitter every time it has helped you, or simply ⭐️ the repository to say thank you.
 
-However you choose to contribute, please be mindful and respect our
-[code of conduct](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+However you choose to contribute, please be mindful and respect our [code of conduct](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
 
 **This guide was heavily inspired by the awesome [scikit-learn guide to contributing](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).**
 
@@ -22,9 +17,7 @@ There are several ways you can contribute to TRL:
 * Implement trainers for new post-training algorithms.
 * Contribute to the examples or the documentation.
 
-If you don't know where to start, there is a special [Good First
-Issue](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/labels/%F0%9F%91%B6%20good%20first%20issue) listing. It will give you a list of
-open issues that are beginner-friendly and help you start contributing to open-source. The best way to do that is to open a Pull Request and link it to the issue that you'd like to work on. We try to give priority to opened PRs as we can easily track the progress of the fix, and if the contributor does not have time anymore, someone else can take the PR over.
+If you don't know where to start, there is a special [Good First Issue](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/labels/%F0%9F%91%B6%20good%20first%20issue) listing. It will give you a list of open issues that are beginner-friendly and help you start contributing to open-source. The best way to do that is to open a Pull Request and link it to the issue that you'd like to work on. We try to give priority to opened PRs as we can easily track the progress of the fix, and if the contributor does not have time anymore, someone else can take the PR over.
 
 For something slightly more challenging, you can also take a look at the [Good Second Issue](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/labels/Good%20Second%20Issue) list. In general though, if you feel like you know what you're doing, go for it and we'll help you get there! 🚀
 
@@ -48,14 +41,12 @@ Do your best to follow these guidelines when submitting a bug-related issue or a
 
 The TRL library is robust and reliable thanks to users who report the problems they encounter.
 
-Before you report an issue, we would really appreciate it if you could **make sure the bug was not
-already reported** (use the search bar on GitHub under Issues). Your issue should also be related to bugs in the library itself, and not your code.
+Before you report an issue, we would really appreciate it if you could **make sure the bug was not already reported** (use the search bar on GitHub under Issues). Your issue should also be related to bugs in the library itself, and not your code.
 
 Once you've confirmed the bug hasn't already been reported, please include the following information in your issue so we can quickly resolve it:
 
 * Your **OS type and version**, **Python**, **PyTorch**, **TRL** and **Transformers** versions.
-* A short, self-contained, code snippet that allows us to reproduce the bug in
-  less than 30s.
+* A short, self-contained, code snippet that allows us to reproduce the bug in less than 30s.
 * The *full* traceback if an exception is raised.
 * Attach any other additional information, like screenshots, you think may help.
 
@@ -106,29 +97,20 @@ We're always looking for improvements to the documentation that make it more cle
 
 ## Submitting a pull request (PR)
 
-Before writing code, we strongly advise you to search through the existing PRs or
-issues to make sure that nobody is already working on the same thing. If you are
-unsure, it is always a good idea to open an issue to get some feedback.
+Before writing code, we strongly advise you to search through the existing PRs or issues to make sure that nobody is already working on the same thing. If you are unsure, it is always a good idea to open an issue to get some feedback.
 
-You will need basic `git` proficiency to be able to contribute to
-TRL. `git` is not the easiest tool to use but it has the greatest
-manual. Type `git --help` in a shell and enjoy. If you prefer books, [Pro
-Git](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2) is a very good reference.
+You will need basic `git` proficiency to be able to contribute to TRL. `git` is not the easiest tool to use but it has the greatest manual. Type `git --help` in a shell and enjoy. If you prefer books, [Pro Git](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2) is a very good reference.
 
 Follow these steps to start contributing:
 
-1. Fork the [repository](https://github.com/huggingface/trl) by
-   clicking on the 'Fork' button on the repository's page. This creates a copy of the code
-   under your GitHub user account.
+1. Fork the [repository](https://github.com/huggingface/trl) by clicking on the 'Fork' button on the repository's page. This creates a copy of the code under your GitHub user account.
 
-2. Clone your fork to your local disk, and add the base repository as a remote. The following command
-   assumes you have your public SSH key uploaded to GitHub. See the following guide for more
-   [information](https://docs.github.com/en/repositories/creating-and-managing-repositories/cloning-a-repository).
+2. Clone your fork to your local disk, and add the base repository as a remote. The following command assumes you have your public SSH key uploaded to GitHub. See the following guide for more [information](https://docs.github.com/en/repositories/creating-and-managing-repositories/cloning-a-repository).
 
    ```bash
-   $ git clone git@github.com:<your Github handle>/trl.git
-   $ cd trl
-   $ git remote add upstream https://github.com/huggingface/trl.git
+   git clone git@github.com:<your Github handle>/trl.git
+   cd trl
+   git remote add upstream https://github.com/huggingface/trl.git
    ```
 
 3. Create a new branch to hold your development changes, and do this for every new PR you work on.
@@ -136,15 +118,15 @@ Follow these steps to start contributing:
    Start by synchronizing your `main` branch with the `upstream/main` branch (more details in the [GitHub Docs](https://docs.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/syncing-a-fork)):
 
    ```bash
-   $ git checkout main
-   $ git fetch upstream
-   $ git merge upstream/main
+   git checkout main
+   git fetch upstream
+   git merge upstream/main
    ```
 
    Once your `main` branch is synchronized, create a new branch from it:
 
    ```bash
-   $ git checkout -b a-descriptive-name-for-my-changes
+   git checkout -b a-descriptive-name-for-my-changes
    ```
 
    **Do not** work on the `main` branch.
@@ -152,32 +134,28 @@ Follow these steps to start contributing:
 4. Set up a development environment by running the following command in a conda or a virtual environment you've created for working on this library:
 
    ```bash
-   $ pip install -e .[dev]
+   pip install -e .[dev]
    ```
 
-   (If TRL was already installed in the virtual environment, remove
-   it with `pip uninstall trl` before reinstalling it.)
+   (If TRL was already installed in the virtual environment, remove it with `pip uninstall trl` before reinstalling it.)
 
-   Alternatively, if you are using [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/Download), the fastest way to get set up is by using
-   the provided Dev Container. Documentation on how to get started with dev containers is available [here](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/remote/containers).
+   Alternatively, if you are using [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/Download), the fastest way to get set up is by using the provided Dev Container. Check [the documentation on how to get started with dev containers](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/remote/containers).
 
 5. Develop the features on your branch.
 
-   As you work on the features, you should make sure that the test suite
-   passes. You should run the tests impacted by your changes like this (see 
-   below an explanation regarding the environment variable):
+    As you work on the features, you should make sure that the test suite passes. You should run the tests impacted by your changes like this (see below an explanation regarding the environment variable):
 
-   ```bash
-   $ pytest tests/<TEST_TO_RUN>.py
-   ```
-   
-   > For the following commands leveraging the `make` utility.
+    ```bash
+    pytest tests/<TEST_TO_RUN>.py
+    ```
 
-   You can also run the full suite with the following command.
+    > For the following commands leveraging the `make` utility.
 
-   ```bash
-   $ make test
-   ```
+    You can also run the full suite with the following command.
+
+    ```bash
+    make test
+    ```
 
     TRL relies on `ruff` for maintaining consistent code formatting across its source files. Before submitting any PR, you should apply automatic style corrections and run code verification checks.
 
@@ -186,59 +164,51 @@ Follow these steps to start contributing:
     To apply these checks and corrections in one step, use:
 
     ```bash
-    $ make precommit
+    make precommit
     ```
 
     This command runs the following:
-    - Executes `pre-commit` hooks to automatically fix style issues with `ruff` and other tools.
-    - Runs additional scripts such as adding copyright information.
+
+    * Executes `pre-commit` hooks to automatically fix style issues with `ruff` and other tools.
+    * Runs additional scripts such as adding copyright information.
 
     If you prefer to apply the style corrections separately or review them individually, the `pre-commit` hook will handle the formatting for the files in question.
 
-   Once you're happy with your changes, add changed files using `git add` and
-   make a commit with `git commit` to record your changes locally:
+    Once you're happy with your changes, add changed files using `git add` and make a commit with `git commit` to record your changes locally:
 
-   ```bash
-   $ git add modified_file.py
-   $ git commit
-   ```
+    ```bash
+    git add modified_file.py
+    git commit
+    ```
 
-   Please write [good commit messages](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/).
+    Please write [good commit messages](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/).
 
-   It is a good idea to sync your copy of the code with the original
-   repository regularly. This way you can quickly account for changes:
+    It is a good idea to sync your copy of the code with the original
+    repository regularly. This way you can quickly account for changes:
 
-   ```bash
-   $ git fetch upstream
-   $ git rebase upstream/main
-   ```
+    ```bash
+    git fetch upstream
+    git rebase upstream/main
+    ```
 
-   Push the changes to your account using:
+    Push the changes to your account using:
 
-   ```bash
-   $ git push -u origin a-descriptive-name-for-my-changes
-   ```
+    ```bash
+    git push -u origin a-descriptive-name-for-my-changes
+    ```
 
-6. Once you are satisfied (**and the checklist below is happy too**), go to the
-   webpage of your fork on GitHub. Click on 'Pull request' to send your changes
-   to the project maintainers for review.
+6. Once you are satisfied (**and the checklist below is happy too**), go to the webpage of your fork on GitHub. Click on 'Pull request' to send your changes to the project maintainers for review.
 
 7. It's ok if maintainers ask you for changes. It happens to core contributors too! To ensure everyone can review your changes in the pull request, work on your local branch and push the updates to your fork. They will automatically appear in the pull request.
 
-
 ### Checklist
 
 1. The title of your pull request should be a summary of its contribution;
-2. If your pull request addresses an issue, please mention the issue number in
-   the pull request description to make sure they are linked (and people
-   consulting the issue know you are working on it);
-3. To indicate a work in progress please prefix the title with `[WIP]`, or mark
-   the PR as a draft PR. These are useful to avoid duplicated work, and to differentiate
-   it from PRs ready to be merged;
+2. If your pull request addresses an issue, please mention the issue number in the pull request description to make sure they are linked (and people consulting the issue know you are working on it);
+3. To indicate a work in progress please prefix the title with `[WIP]`, or mark the PR as a draft PR. These are useful to avoid duplicated work, and to differentiate it from PRs ready to be merged;
 4. Make sure existing tests pass;
 5. Add high-coverage tests. No quality testing = no merge.
 
-
 ### Tests
 
 An extensive test suite is included to test the library behavior and several examples. Library tests can be found in
@@ -248,7 +218,7 @@ We use `pytest` to run the tests. From the root of the
 repository here's how to run tests with `pytest` for the library:
 
 ```bash
-$ python -m pytest -sv ./tests
+python -m pytest -sv ./tests
 ```
 
 That's how `make test` is implemented (without the `pip install` line)!
@@ -260,23 +230,23 @@ you're working on.
 
 1. **Use defaults when appropriate**:  
 
-Provide default values unless the parameter's value varies significantly by use case. For example, datasets or models should not have defaults, but parameters like `learning_rate` should.
+    Provide default values unless the parameter's value varies significantly by use case. For example, datasets or models should not have defaults, but parameters like `learning_rate` should.
 
 2. **Prioritize proven defaults**:  
 
-Default values should align with those recommended in the original paper or method. Alternatives require strong evidence of superior performance in most cases.
+    Default values should align with those recommended in the original paper or method. Alternatives require strong evidence of superior performance in most cases.
 
 3. **Ensure safety and predictability**:  
 
-Defaults must be safe, expected and reliable. Avoid settings that could lead to surprising outcomes, such as excessive memory usage or poor performance in edge cases.
+    Defaults must be safe, expected and reliable. Avoid settings that could lead to surprising outcomes, such as excessive memory usage or poor performance in edge cases.
 
 4. **Balance consistency and flexibility**:  
 
-Aim for consistent defaults across similar functions or methods. However, consistency should not be preferred to point 2 or 3.
+    Aim for consistent defaults across similar functions or methods. However, consistency should not be preferred to point 2 or 3.
 
 5. **Opt-in for new features**:  
 
-Do not enable new features or improvements (e.g., novel loss functions) by default. Users should explicitly opt-in to use these.
+    Do not enable new features or improvements (e.g., novel loss functions) by default. Users should explicitly opt-in to use these.
 
 ### Writing documentation
 
@@ -318,26 +288,26 @@ def replicate_str(string: str, n: int, sep: str = " ") -> str:
   * Note that `Optional` means that the value can be `None`, and `*optional*` means that it is not required for the user to pass a value.
     E.g., for arguments that can't be `None` and aren't required:
 
-    ```python
+    ```txt
     foo (`int`, *optional*, defaults to `4`):
     ```
 
     For arguments that can be `None` and are required:
 
-    ```python
+    ```txt
     foo (`Optional[int]`):
     ```
 
-    for arguments that can be `None` and aren't required:
+    for arguments that can be `None` and aren't required (in this case, if the default value is `None`, you can omit it):
 
-    ```python
+    ```txt
     foo (`Optional[int]`, *optional*):
     ```
 
 * **String Defaults:**
   * Ensured that default string values are wrapped in double quotes:
 
-    ```python
+    ```txt
     defaults to `"foo"`
     ```
 
@@ -346,7 +316,7 @@ def replicate_str(string: str, n: int, sep: str = " ") -> str:
 * **Default Value Formatting:**
   * Consistently surrounded default values with backticks for improved formatting:
 
-    ```python
+    ```txt
     defaults to `4`
     ```
 
@@ -383,8 +353,8 @@ Our approach to deprecation and backward compatibility is flexible and based on
 
 When a feature or component is marked for deprecation, its use will emit a warning message. This warning will include:
 
-- **Transition Guidance**: Instructions on how to migrate to the alternative solution or replacement.
-- **Removal Version**: The target version when the feature will be removed, providing users with a clear timeframe to transition.
+* **Transition Guidance**: Instructions on how to migrate to the alternative solution or replacement.
+* **Removal Version**: The target version when the feature will be removed, providing users with a clear timeframe to transition.
 
 Example:
 
@@ -398,9 +368,9 @@ Example:
 
 The deprecation and removal schedule is based on each feature's usage and impact, with examples at two extremes:
 
-- **Experimental or Low-Use Features**: For a feature that is experimental or has limited usage, backward compatibility may not be maintained between releases. Users should therefore anticipate potential breaking changes from one version to the next.
+* **Experimental or Low-Use Features**: For a feature that is experimental or has limited usage, backward compatibility may not be maintained between releases. Users should therefore anticipate potential breaking changes from one version to the next.
 
-- **Widely-Used Components**: For a feature with high usage, we aim for a more gradual transition period of approximately **5 months**, generally scheduling deprecation around **5 minor releases** after the initial warning.
+* **Widely-Used Components**: For a feature with high usage, we aim for a more gradual transition period of approximately **5 months**, generally scheduling deprecation around **5 minor releases** after the initial warning.
 
 These examples represent the two ends of a continuum. The specific timeline for each feature will be determined individually, balancing innovation with user stability needs.
 
@@ -410,22 +380,22 @@ Warnings play a critical role in guiding users toward resolving potential issues
 
 #### Definitions
 
-- **Correct**: An operation is correct if it is valid, follows the intended approach, and aligns with the current best practices or guidelines within the codebase. This is the recommended or intended way to perform the operation.
-- **Supported**: An operation is supported if it is technically valid and works within the current codebase, but it may not be the most efficient, optimal, or recommended way to perform the task. This includes deprecated features or legacy approaches that still work but may be phased out in the future.
+* **Correct**: An operation is correct if it is valid, follows the intended approach, and aligns with the current best practices or guidelines within the codebase. This is the recommended or intended way to perform the operation.
+* **Supported**: An operation is supported if it is technically valid and works within the current codebase, but it may not be the most efficient, optimal, or recommended way to perform the task. This includes deprecated features or legacy approaches that still work but may be phased out in the future.
 
 #### Choosing the right message
 
-- **Correct → No warning**:  
+* **Correct → No warning**:  
    If the operation is fully valid and expected, no message should be issued. The system is working as intended, so no warning is necessary.  
 
-- **Correct but deserves attention → No warning, possibly a log message**:
+* **Correct but deserves attention → No warning, possibly a log message**:
    When an operation is correct but uncommon or requires special attention, providing an informational message can be helpful. This keeps users informed without implying any issue. If available, use the logger to output this message. Example:  
 
    ```python
    logger.info("This is an informational message about a rare but correct operation.")
    ```
 
-- **Correct but very likely a mistake → Warning with option to disable**:  
+* **Correct but very likely a mistake → Warning with option to disable**:  
    In rare cases, you may want to issue a warning for a correct operation that’s very likely a mistake. In such cases, you must provide an option to suppress the warning. This can be done with a flag in the function. Example:  
 
    ```python
@@ -436,7 +406,7 @@ Warnings play a critical role in guiding users toward resolving potential issues
            # Do something
    ```
 
-- **Supported but not correct → Warning**:  
+* **Supported but not correct → Warning**:  
    If the operation is technically supported but is deprecated, suboptimal, or could cause future issues (e.g., conflicting arguments), a warning should be raised. This message should be actionable, meaning it must explain how to resolve the issue. Example:  
 
    ```python
@@ -446,7 +416,7 @@ Warnings play a critical role in guiding users toward resolving potential issues
            # Do something
    ```
 
-- **Not supported → Exception**:  
+* **Not supported → Exception**:  
    If the operation is invalid or unsupported, raise an exception. This indicates that the operation cannot be performed and requires immediate attention. Example:  
 
    ```python

Makefile

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-.PHONY: test precommit common_tests slow_tests test_examples tests_gpu test_experimental
+.PHONY: test precommit common_tests slow_tests tests_gpu test_experimental
 
 check_dirs := examples tests trl
 
 ACCELERATE_CONFIG_PATH = `pwd`/examples/accelerate_configs
-COMMAND_FILES_PATH = `pwd`/commands
 
 test:
 	pytest -n auto -m "not slow and not low_priority" -s -v --reruns 5 --reruns-delay 1 --only-rerun '(OSError|Timeout|HTTPError.*502|HTTPError.*504||not less than or equal to 0.01)' tests/
@@ -16,18 +15,5 @@ precommit:
 slow_tests:
 	pytest -m "slow" tests/ $(if $(IS_GITHUB_CI),--report-log "slow_tests.log",)
 
-test_examples:
-	touch temp_results_sft_tests.txt
-	for file in $(ACCELERATE_CONFIG_PATH)/*.yaml; do \
-		TRL_ACCELERATE_CONFIG=$${file} bash $(COMMAND_FILES_PATH)/run_sft.sh; \
-		echo $$?','$${file} >> temp_results_sft_tests.txt; \
-	done
-
-	touch temp_results_dpo_tests.txt
-	for file in $(ACCELERATE_CONFIG_PATH)/*.yaml; do \
-		TRL_ACCELERATE_CONFIG=$${file} bash $(COMMAND_FILES_PATH)/run_dpo.sh; \
-		echo $$?','$${file} >> temp_results_dpo_tests.txt; \
-	done
-
 test_experimental:
 	pytest -k "experimental"

README.md

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ trl dpo --model_name_or_path Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct \
     --output_dir Qwen2.5-0.5B-DPO 
 ```
 
-Read more about CLI in the [relevant documentation section](https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/main/en/clis) or use `--help` for more details.
+Read more about CLI in the [relevant documentation section](https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/clis) or use `--help` for more details.
 
 ## Development
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Example:
 from trl.experimental.new_trainer import NewTrainer
 ```
 
-Read more in the [Experimental docs](https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/main/en/experimental).
+Read more in the [Experimental docs](https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/experimental).
 
 ## Citation
 

VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.24.0.dev0
+0.25.0.dev0

commands/run_dpo.sh

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-# This script runs an SFT example end-to-end on a tiny model using different possible configurations
-# but defaults to QLoRA + PEFT
-OUTPUT_DIR="test_dpo/"
-MODEL_NAME="trl-internal-testing/tiny-Qwen2ForCausalLM-2.5"
-DATASET_NAME="trl-internal-testing/hh-rlhf-helpful-base-trl-style"
-MAX_STEPS=5
-BATCH_SIZE=2
-SEQ_LEN=128
-
-# Handle extra arguments in case one passes accelerate configs.
-EXTRA_ACCELERATE_ARGS=""
-EXTRA_TRAINING_ARGS="""--use_peft \
-    --load_in_4bit
-"""
-
-# This is a hack to get the number of available GPUs
-NUM_GPUS=2
-
-if [[ "${TRL_ACCELERATE_CONFIG}" == "" ]]; then
-  EXTRA_ACCELERATE_ARGS=""
-else
-  EXTRA_ACCELERATE_ARGS="--config_file $TRL_ACCELERATE_CONFIG"
-  # For DeepSpeed configs we need to set the `--fp16` flag to comply with our configs exposed
-  # on `examples/accelerate_configs` and our runners do not support bf16 mixed precision training.
-  if [[ $TRL_ACCELERATE_CONFIG == *"deepspeed"* ]]; then
-    EXTRA_TRAINING_ARGS="--fp16"
-  else
-    echo "Keeping QLoRA + PEFT"
-  fi
-fi
-
-
-CMD="""
-accelerate launch $EXTRA_ACCELERATE_ARGS \
-    --num_processes $NUM_GPUS \
-    --mixed_precision 'fp16' \
-    `pwd`/trl/scripts/dpo.py \
-    --model_name_or_path $MODEL_NAME \
-    --dataset_name $DATASET_NAME \
-    --output_dir $OUTPUT_DIR \
-    --max_steps $MAX_STEPS \
-    --per_device_train_batch_size $BATCH_SIZE \
-    --max_length $SEQ_LEN \
-    $EXTRA_TRAINING_ARGS
-"""
-
-echo "Starting program..."
-
-{ # try
-    echo $CMD
-    eval "$CMD"
-} || { # catch
-    # save log for exception 
-    echo "Operation Failed!"
-    exit 1
-}
-exit 0

commands/run_sft.sh

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-# This script runs an SFT example end-to-end on a tiny model using different possible configurations
-# but defaults to QLoRA + PEFT
-OUTPUT_DIR="test_sft/"
-MODEL_NAME="trl-internal-testing/tiny-Qwen2ForCausalLM-2.5"
-DATASET_NAME="stanfordnlp/imdb"
-MAX_STEPS=5
-BATCH_SIZE=2
-SEQ_LEN=128
-
-
-# Handle extra arguments in case one passes accelerate configs.
-EXTRA_ACCELERATE_ARGS=""
-EXTRA_TRAINING_ARGS="""--use_peft \
-    --load_in_4bit
-"""
-
-# Set your number of GPUs here
-NUM_GPUS=2
-
-if [[ "${TRL_ACCELERATE_CONFIG}" == "" ]]; then
-  EXTRA_ACCELERATE_ARGS=""
-else
-  EXTRA_ACCELERATE_ARGS="--config_file $TRL_ACCELERATE_CONFIG"
-  # For DeepSpeed configs we need to set the `--fp16` flag to comply with our configs exposed
-  # on `examples/accelerate_configs` and our runners do not support bf16 mixed precision training.
-  if [[ $TRL_ACCELERATE_CONFIG == *"deepspeed"* ]]; then
-    EXTRA_TRAINING_ARGS="--fp16"
-  else
-    echo "Keeping QLoRA + PEFT"
-  fi
-fi
-
-
-CMD="""
-accelerate launch $EXTRA_ACCELERATE_ARGS \
-    --num_processes $NUM_GPUS \
-    --mixed_precision 'fp16' \
-    `pwd`/trl/scripts/sft.py \
-    --model_name $MODEL_NAME \
-    --dataset_name $DATASET_NAME \
-    --output_dir $OUTPUT_DIR \
-    --max_steps $MAX_STEPS \
-    --per_device_train_batch_size $BATCH_SIZE \
-    --max_length $SEQ_LEN \
-    $EXTRA_TRAINING_ARGS
-"""
-
-echo "Starting program..."
-
-{ # try
-    echo $CMD
-    eval "$CMD"
-} || { # catch
-    # save log for exception 
-    echo "Operation Failed!"
-    exit 1
-}
-exit 0

docs/source/_toctree.yml

@@ -13,10 +13,6 @@
     title: Paper Index
   - local: experimental
     title: Experimental
-  - local: how_to_train
-    title: Training FAQ
-  - local: logging
-    title: Understanding Logs
   title: Conceptual Guides
 - sections:
   - local: clis
@@ -59,10 +55,6 @@
     title: LoRA Without Regret
   - local: sentiment_tuning
     title: Sentiment Tuning
-  - local: using_llama_models
-    title: Training StackLlama
-  - local: detoxifying_a_lm
-    title: Detoxifying a Language Model
   - local: multi_adapter_rl
     title: Multi Adapter RLHF
   title: Examples

docs/source/bco_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # BCO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-BCO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=bco,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-BCO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=bco,trl)
 
 TRL supports the Binary Classifier Optimization (BCO).
 The [BCO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2404.04656) authors train a binary classifier whose logit serves as a reward so that the classifier maps {prompt, chosen completion} pairs to 1 and {prompt, rejected completion} pairs to 0.
@@ -12,17 +12,16 @@ The [`BCOTrainer`] requires an [unpaired preference dataset](dataset_formats#unp
 The [`BCOTrainer`] supports both [conversational](dataset_formats#conversational) and [standard](dataset_formats#standard) dataset formats. When provided with a conversational dataset, the trainer will automatically apply the chat template to the dataset.
 
 ## Expected model format
+
 The BCO trainer expects a model of `AutoModelForCausalLM`, compared to PPO that expects `AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead` for the value function.
 
 ## Using the `BCOTrainer`
 
-For a detailed example have a look at the `examples/scripts/bco.py` script. At a high level we need to initialize the `BCOTrainer` with a `model` we wish to train and a reference `ref_model` which we will use to calculate the implicit rewards of the preferred and rejected response. 
+For a detailed example have a look at the `examples/scripts/bco.py` script. At a high level we need to initialize the `BCOTrainer` with a `model` we wish to train and a reference `ref_model` which we will use to calculate the implicit rewards of the preferred and rejected response.
 
 The `beta` refers to the hyperparameter of the implicit reward, and the dataset contains the 3 entries listed above. Note that the `model` and `ref_model` need to have the same architecture (ie decoder only or encoder-decoder).
 
-
-
-```py
+```python
 training_args = BCOConfig(
     beta=0.1,
 )
@@ -35,9 +34,10 @@ bco_trainer = BCOTrainer(
     processing_class=tokenizer,
 )
 ```
+
 After this one can then call:
 
-```py
+```python
 bco_trainer.train()
 ```
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ If the prompts in your desired and undesired datasets differ a lot, it is useful
 
 Choose an embedding model and tokenizer:
 
-```py
+```python
 embedding_model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(your_model_id)
 embedding_tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(your_model_id)
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ embedding_func = partial(embed_prompt, model=embedding_model)
 
 Set `prompt_sample_size` to define how many prompts are selected to train the UDM classifier and start the training with the provided embedding function:
 
-```py
+```python
 training_args = BCOConfig(
     beta=0.1,
     prompt_sample_size=512,

docs/source/best_of_n.md

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-# Best of N sampling: Alternative ways to get better model output without RL based fine-tuning 
+# Best of N sampling: Alternative ways to get better model output without RL based fine-tuning
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> Best-of-N sampling is deprecated and will be removed in TRL 0.25.0.
 
 Within the extras module is the `best-of-n` sampler class that serves as an alternative method of generating better model output.
 As to how it fares against the RL based fine-tuning, please look in the `examples` directory for a comparison example
@@ -8,7 +11,6 @@ As to how it fares against the RL based fine-tuning, please look in the `example
 To get started quickly, instantiate an instance of the class with a model, a length sampler, a tokenizer and a callable that serves as a proxy reward pipeline that outputs reward scores for input queries
 
 ```python
-
 from transformers import pipeline, AutoTokenizer
 from trl import AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead
 from trl.core import LengthSampler
@@ -19,41 +21,33 @@ reward_pipe = pipeline("sentiment-analysis", model=reward_model, device=device)
 tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(ref_model_name)
 tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
 
-
 # callable that takes a list of raw text and returns a list of corresponding reward scores
 def queries_to_scores(list_of_strings):
   return [output["score"] for output in reward_pipe(list_of_strings)]
 
 best_of_n = BestOfNSampler(model, tokenizer, queries_to_scores, length_sampler=output_length_sampler)
-
-
 ```
 
 And assuming you have a list/tensor of tokenized queries, you can generate better output by calling the `generate` method
 
 ```python
-
 best_of_n.generate(query_tensors, device=device, **gen_kwargs)
-
 ```
+
 The default sample size is 4, but you can change it at the time of instance initialization like so
 
 ```python
-
 best_of_n = BestOfNSampler(model, tokenizer, queries_to_scores, length_sampler=output_length_sampler, sample_size=8)
-
 ```
 
 The default output is the result of taking the top scored output for each query, but you can change it to top 2 and so on by passing the `n_candidates` argument at the time of instance initialization
 
 ```python
-
 best_of_n = BestOfNSampler(model, tokenizer, queries_to_scores, length_sampler=output_length_sampler, n_candidates=2)
-
 ```
 
 There is the option of setting the generation settings (like `temperature`, `pad_token_id`) at the time of instance creation as opposed to when calling the `generate` method.
-This is done by passing a `GenerationConfig` from the `transformers` library at the time of initialization
+This is done by passing a [`~transformers.GenerationConfig`] from the `transformers` library at the time of initialization
 
 ```python
 

docs/source/clis.md

@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@
 
 TRL provides a powerful command-line interface (CLI) to fine-tune large language models (LLMs) using methods like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and more. The CLI abstracts away much of the boilerplate, letting you launch training jobs quickly and reproducibly.
 
+## Commands
+
 Currently supported commands are:
 
-#### Training Commands
+### Training Commands
 
 - `trl dpo`: fine-tune a LLM with DPO
 - `trl grpo`: fine-tune a LLM with GRPO
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ Currently supported commands are:
 - `trl rloo`: fine-tune a LLM with RLOO
 - `trl sft`: fine-tune a LLM with SFT
 
-#### Other Commands
+### Other Commands
 
 - `trl env`: get the system information
 - `trl vllm-serve`: serve a model with vLLM
@@ -197,22 +199,22 @@ trl reward --config reward_config.yaml
 
 The `--accelerate_config` flag lets you easily configure distributed training with [🤗 Accelerate](https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate). This flag accepts either:
 
-* the name of a predefined config profile (built into TRL), or
-* a path to a custom Accelerate YAML config file.
+- the name of a predefined config profile (built into TRL), or
+- a path to a custom Accelerate YAML config file.
 
 #### Predefined Config Profiles
 
 TRL provides several ready-to-use Accelerate configs to simplify common training setups:
 
-| Name         | Description                         |
-| ------------ | ----------------------------------- |
-| `fsdp1`      | Fully Sharded Data Parallel Stage 1 |
-| `fsdp2`      | Fully Sharded Data Parallel Stage 2 |
-| `zero1`      | DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 1              |
-| `zero2`      | DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2              |
-| `zero3`      | DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3              |
-| `multi_gpu`  | Multi-GPU training                  |
-| `single_gpu` | Single-GPU training                 |
+| Name | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `fsdp1` | Fully Sharded Data Parallel Stage 1 |
+| `fsdp2` | Fully Sharded Data Parallel Stage 2 |
+| `zero1` | DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 1 |
+| `zero2` | DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2 |
+| `zero3` | DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 |
+| `multi_gpu` | Multi-GPU training |
+| `single_gpu` | Single-GPU training |
 
 To use one of these, just pass the name to `--accelerate_config`. TRL will automatically load the corresponding config file from `trl/accelerate_config/`.
 

docs/source/community_tutorials.md

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Community tutorials are made by active members of the Hugging Face community who
 
 | Task | Class | Description | Author | Tutorial | Colab |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| Reinforcement Learning | [`GRPOTrainer`] | Efficient Online Training with GRPO and vLLM in TRL | [Sergio Paniego](https://huggingface.co/sergiopaniego) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/learn/cookbook/grpo_vllm_online_training) | [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/cookbook/blob/main/notebooks/en/grpo_vllm_online_training.ipynb) |
 | Reinforcement Learning | [`GRPOTrainer`] | Post training an LLM for reasoning with GRPO in TRL | [Sergio Paniego](https://huggingface.co/sergiopaniego) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/learn/cookbook/fine_tuning_llm_grpo_trl) | [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/cookbook/blob/main/notebooks/en/fine_tuning_llm_grpo_trl.ipynb) |
 | Reinforcement Learning | [`GRPOTrainer`] | Mini-R1: Reproduce Deepseek R1 „aha moment“ a RL tutorial | [Philipp Schmid](https://huggingface.co/philschmid) | [Link](https://www.philschmid.de/mini-deepseek-r1) | [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/philschmid/deep-learning-pytorch-huggingface/blob/main/training/mini-deepseek-r1-aha-grpo.ipynb) |
 | Reinforcement Learning | [`GRPOTrainer`] | RL on LLaMA 3.1-8B with GRPO and Unsloth optimizations | [Andrea Manzoni](https://huggingface.co/AManzoni) | [Link](https://colab.research.google.com/github/amanzoni1/fine_tuning/blob/main/RL_LLama3_1_8B_GRPO.ipynb) | [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/amanzoni1/fine_tuning/blob/main/RL_LLama3_1_8B_GRPO.ipynb) | 
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@ Community tutorials are made by active members of the Hugging Face community who
 | Preference Optimization | [`ORPOTrainer`] | Fine-tuning Llama 3 with ORPO combining instruction tuning and preference alignment | [Maxime Labonne](https://huggingface.co/mlabonne) | [Link](https://mlabonne.github.io/blog/posts/2024-04-19_Fine_tune_Llama_3_with_ORPO.html) | [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1eHNWg9gnaXErdAa8_mcvjMupbSS6rDvi) |
 | Instruction tuning | [`SFTTrainer`] | How to fine-tune open LLMs in 2025 with Hugging Face | [Philipp Schmid](https://huggingface.co/philschmid) | [Link](https://www.philschmid.de/fine-tune-llms-in-2025) | [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/philschmid/deep-learning-pytorch-huggingface/blob/main/training/fine-tune-llms-in-2025.ipynb) |
 
-
 ### Videos
 
 | Task | Title | Author | Video |
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ Community tutorials are made by active members of the Hugging Face community who
 
 > [!WARNING]
 > The tutorial uses two deprecated features:
+>
 > - `SFTTrainer(..., tokenizer=tokenizer)`: Use `SFTTrainer(..., processing_class=tokenizer)` instead, or simply omit it (it will be inferred from the model).
 > - `setup_chat_format(model, tokenizer)`: Use `SFTConfig(..., chat_template_path="Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B")`, where `chat_template_path` specifies the model whose chat template you want to copy.
 

docs/source/cpo_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # CPO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-CPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=cpo,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-CPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=cpo,trl)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -98,15 +98,13 @@ To use this loss as described in the paper, we can set the `loss_type="alphapo"`
 
 The CPO algorithm supports several loss functions. The loss function can be set using the `loss_type` parameter in the [`CPOConfig`]. The following loss functions are supported:
 
-| `loss_type=`                           | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
-| -------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `"sigmoid"` (default)                  | Given the preference data, we can fit a binary classifier according to the Bradley-Terry model, and in fact, the [DPO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.18290) authors propose the sigmoid loss on the normalized likelihood via the `logsigmoid` to fit a logistic regression.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
-| `"hinge"`                              | The [RSO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2309.06657) authors propose to use a hinge loss on the normalized likelihood from the [SLiC](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.10425) paper. In this case, the `beta` is the reciprocal of the margin.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
-| `"ipo"`                                | The [IPO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2310.12036) authors provide a deeper theoretical understanding of the DPO algorithms and identify an issue with overfitting and propose an alternative loss. In this case, the `beta` is the reciprocal of the gap between the log-likelihood ratios of the chosen vs the rejected completion pair, and thus the smaller the `beta`, the larger this gap is. As per the paper, the loss is averaged over log-likelihoods of the completion (unlike DPO, which is summed only).                                                                                                                        |
-| `"simpo"`                              | The [SimPO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2405.14734) method is also implemented in the [`CPOTrainer`]. SimPO is an alternative loss that adds a reward margin, allows for length normalization, and does not use BC regularization. To use this loss, simply set `loss_type="simpo"` and `cpo_alpha=0.0` in the [`CPOConfig`] and `simpo_gamma` to a recommended value.  |
-| `"alphapo"`                            | The [AlphaPO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2501.03884) method is also implemented in the [`CPOTrainer`]. This is syntactic sugar that automatically sets `loss_type="simpo"` and `cpo_alpha=0.0`. AlphaPO applies a transformation to the reward function shape in the context of SimPO loss when the `alpha` parameter is non-zero.  |
-
-
+| `loss_type=` | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `"sigmoid"` (default) | Given the preference data, we can fit a binary classifier according to the Bradley-Terry model, and in fact, the [DPO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.18290) authors propose the sigmoid loss on the normalized likelihood via the `logsigmoid` to fit a logistic regression. |
+| `"hinge"` | The [RSO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2309.06657) authors propose to use a hinge loss on the normalized likelihood from the [SLiC](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.10425) paper. In this case, the `beta` is the reciprocal of the margin. |
+| `"ipo"` | The [IPO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2310.12036) authors provide a deeper theoretical understanding of the DPO algorithms and identify an issue with overfitting and propose an alternative loss. In this case, the `beta` is the reciprocal of the gap between the log-likelihood ratios of the chosen vs the rejected completion pair, and thus the smaller the `beta`, the larger this gap is. As per the paper, the loss is averaged over log-likelihoods of the completion (unlike DPO, which is summed only). |
+| `"simpo"` | The [SimPO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2405.14734) method is also implemented in the [`CPOTrainer`]. SimPO is an alternative loss that adds a reward margin, allows for length normalization, and does not use BC regularization. To use this loss, simply set `loss_type="simpo"` and `cpo_alpha=0.0` in the [`CPOConfig`] and `simpo_gamma` to a recommended value. |
+| `"alphapo"` | The [AlphaPO](https://huggingface.co/papers/2501.03884) method is also implemented in the [`CPOTrainer`]. This is syntactic sugar that automatically sets `loss_type="simpo"` and `cpo_alpha=0.0`. AlphaPO applies a transformation to the reward function shape in the context of SimPO loss when the `alpha` parameter is non-zero. |
 
 ### For Mixture of Experts Models: Enabling the auxiliary loss
 

docs/source/customization.md

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 TRL is designed with modularity in mind so that users are able to efficiently customize the training loop for their needs. Below are some examples on how you can apply and test different techniques.  Note: Although these examples use the DPOTrainer, the customization applies to most (if not all) trainers.
 
-
-
 ## Use different optimizers and schedulers
 
 By default, the `DPOTrainer` creates a `torch.optim.AdamW` optimizer. You can create and define a different optimizer and pass it to `DPOTrainer` as follows:
@@ -84,11 +82,11 @@ trainer = DPOTrainer(
 trainer.train()
 ```
 
-## Pass 8-bit reference models 
- 
+## Pass 8-bit reference models
+
 Since `trl` supports all keyword arguments when loading a model from `transformers` using `from_pretrained`, you can also leverage `load_in_8bit` from `transformers` for more memory efficient fine-tuning.
 
-Read more about 8-bit model loading in `transformers` [here](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/peft#load-in-8bit-or-4bit).
+Read more about 8-bit model loading in `transformers` [Load in 8bit or 4bit](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/peft#load-in-8bit-or-4bit).
 
 ```python
 from datasets import load_dataset
@@ -114,7 +112,7 @@ trainer.train()
 
 ## Use the accelerator cache optimizer
 
-When training large models, you should better handle the accelerator cache by iteratively clearing it. To do so, simply pass `optimize_device_cache=True` to `DPOConfig`:
+When training large models, you should better handle the accelerator cache by iteratively clearing it. To do so, simply pass `optimize_device_cache=True` to [`DPOConfig`]:
 
 ```python
 training_args = DPOConfig(..., optimize_device_cache=True)

docs/source/dataset_formats.md

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ This guide provides an overview of the dataset formats and types supported by ea
     <td>Stepwise supervision</td>
     <td>
       <pre><code>{"prompt": "Which number is larger, 9.8 or 9.11?",
- "completions": ["The fractional part of 9.8 is 0.8.", 
+ "completions": ["The fractional part of 9.8 is 0.8.",
                  "The fractional part of 9.11 is 0.11.",
                  "0.11 is greater than 0.8.",
                  "Hence, 9.11 > 9.8."],
@@ -387,23 +387,23 @@ For examples of stepwise supervision datasets, refer to the [Stepwise supervisio
 
 Choosing the right dataset type depends on the task you are working on and the specific requirements of the TRL trainer you are using. Below is a brief overview of the dataset types supported by each TRL trainer.
 
-| Trainer                 | Expected dataset type                                                                                  |
-| ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| [`BCOTrainer`]          | [Unpaired preference](#unpaired-preference) or [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference) |
-| [`CPOTrainer`]          | [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference)                                                |
-| [`DPOTrainer`]          | [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference)                                                |
-| [`GKDTrainer`]          | [Prompt-completion](#prompt-completion)                                                                |
-| [`GRPOTrainer`]         | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only)                                                                            |
-| [`KTOTrainer`]          | [Unpaired preference](#unpaired-preference) or [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference) |
-| [`NashMDTrainer`]       | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only)                                                                            |
-| [`OnlineDPOTrainer`]    | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only)                                                                            |
-| [`ORPOTrainer`]         | [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference)                                                |
-| [`PPOTrainer`]          | Tokenized language modeling                                                                            |
-| [`PRMTrainer`]          | [Stepwise supervision](#stepwise-supervision)                                                          |
-| [`RewardTrainer`]       | [Preference (implicit prompt recommended)](#preference)                                                |
-| [`RLOOTrainer`]         | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only)                                                                            |
-| [`SFTTrainer`]          | [Language modeling](#language-modeling) or [Prompt-completion](#prompt-completion)                     |
-| [`XPOTrainer`]          | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only)                                                                            |
+| Trainer | Expected dataset type |
+| --- | --- |
+| [`BCOTrainer`] | [Unpaired preference](#unpaired-preference) or [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference) |
+| [`CPOTrainer`] | [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference) |
+| [`DPOTrainer`] | [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference) |
+| [`GKDTrainer`] | [Prompt-completion](#prompt-completion) |
+| [`GRPOTrainer`] | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only) |
+| [`KTOTrainer`] | [Unpaired preference](#unpaired-preference) or [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference) |
+| [`NashMDTrainer`] | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only) |
+| [`OnlineDPOTrainer`] | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only) |
+| [`ORPOTrainer`] | [Preference (explicit prompt recommended)](#preference) |
+| [`PPOTrainer`] | Tokenized language modeling |
+| [`PRMTrainer`] | [Stepwise supervision](#stepwise-supervision) |
+| [`RewardTrainer`] | [Preference (implicit prompt recommended)](#preference) |
+| [`RLOOTrainer`] | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only) |
+| [`SFTTrainer`] | [Language modeling](#language-modeling) or [Prompt-completion](#prompt-completion) |
+| [`XPOTrainer`] | [Prompt-only](#prompt-only) |
 
 > [!TIP]
 > TRL trainers only support standard dataset formats, [for now](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/issues/2071). If you have a conversational dataset, you must first convert it into a standard format.
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ Fortunately, TRL offers tools to easily handle this conversion, which are detail
 
 ### Converting a conversational dataset into a standard dataset
 
-To convert a conversational dataset into a standard dataset, you need to _apply a chat template_ to the dataset. A chat template is a predefined structure that typically includes placeholders for user and assistant messages. This template is provided by the tokenizer of the model you use.
+To convert a conversational dataset into a standard dataset, you need to *apply a chat template* to the dataset. A chat template is a predefined structure that typically includes placeholders for user and assistant messages. This template is provided by the tokenizer of the model you use.
 
 For detailed instructions on using chat templating, refer to the [Chat templating section in the `transformers` documentation](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/chat_templating).
 
@@ -519,15 +519,15 @@ This section provides example code to help you convert between different dataset
 
 For simplicity, some of the examples below do not follow this recommendation and use the standard format. However, the conversions can be applied directly to the conversational format without modification.
 
-| From \ To                       | Language modeling                                                       | Prompt-completion                                                       | Prompt-only                                                       | Preference with implicit prompt                           | Preference                                                | Unpaired preference                                                       | Stepwise supervision |
-| ------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------- |
-| Language modeling               | N/A                                                                     | N/A                                                                     | N/A                                                               | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                                       | N/A                  |
-| Prompt-completion               | [🔗](#from-prompt-completion-to-language-modeling-dataset)               | N/A                                                                     | [🔗](#from-prompt-completion-to-prompt-only-dataset)               | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                                       | N/A                  |
-| Prompt-only                     | N/A                                                                     | N/A                                                                     | N/A                                                               | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                                       | N/A                  |
-| Preference with implicit prompt | [🔗](#from-preference-with-implicit-prompt-to-language-modeling-dataset) | [🔗](#from-preference-with-implicit-prompt-to-prompt-completion-dataset) | [🔗](#from-preference-with-implicit-prompt-to-prompt-only-dataset) | N/A                                                       | [🔗](#from-implicit-to-explicit-prompt-preference-dataset) | [🔗](#from-preference-with-implicit-prompt-to-unpaired-preference-dataset) | N/A                  |
-| Preference                      | [🔗](#from-preference-to-language-modeling-dataset)                      | [🔗](#from-preference-to-prompt-completion-dataset)                      | [🔗](#from-preference-to-prompt-only-dataset)                      | [🔗](#from-explicit-to-implicit-prompt-preference-dataset) | N/A                                                       | [🔗](#from-preference-to-unpaired-preference-dataset)                      | N/A                  |
-| Unpaired preference             | [🔗](#from-unpaired-preference-to-language-modeling-dataset)             | [🔗](#from-unpaired-preference-to-prompt-completion-dataset)             | [🔗](#from-unpaired-preference-to-prompt-only-dataset)             | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                                       | N/A                  |
-| Stepwise supervision            | [🔗](#from-stepwise-supervision-to-language-modeling-dataset)            | [🔗](#from-stepwise-supervision-to-prompt-completion-dataset)            | [🔗](#from-stepwise-supervision-to-prompt-only-dataset)            | N/A                                                       | N/A                                                       | [🔗](#from-stepwise-supervision-to-unpaired-preference-dataset)            | N/A                  |
+| From \ To | Language modeling | Prompt-completion | Prompt-only | Preference with implicit prompt | Preference | Unpaired preference | Stepwise supervision |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| Language modeling | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| Prompt-completion | [🔗](#from-prompt-completion-to-language-modeling-dataset) | N/A | [🔗](#from-prompt-completion-to-prompt-only-dataset) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| Prompt-only | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| Preference with implicit prompt | [🔗](#from-preference-with-implicit-prompt-to-language-modeling-dataset) | [🔗](#from-preference-with-implicit-prompt-to-prompt-completion-dataset) | [🔗](#from-preference-with-implicit-prompt-to-prompt-only-dataset) | N/A | [🔗](#from-implicit-to-explicit-prompt-preference-dataset) | [🔗](#from-preference-with-implicit-prompt-to-unpaired-preference-dataset) | N/A |
+| Preference | [🔗](#from-preference-to-language-modeling-dataset) | [🔗](#from-preference-to-prompt-completion-dataset) | [🔗](#from-preference-to-prompt-only-dataset) | [🔗](#from-explicit-to-implicit-prompt-preference-dataset) | N/A | [🔗](#from-preference-to-unpaired-preference-dataset) | N/A |
+| Unpaired preference | [🔗](#from-unpaired-preference-to-language-modeling-dataset) | [🔗](#from-unpaired-preference-to-prompt-completion-dataset) | [🔗](#from-unpaired-preference-to-prompt-only-dataset) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| Stepwise supervision | [🔗](#from-stepwise-supervision-to-language-modeling-dataset) | [🔗](#from-stepwise-supervision-to-prompt-completion-dataset) | [🔗](#from-stepwise-supervision-to-prompt-only-dataset) | N/A | N/A | [🔗](#from-stepwise-supervision-to-unpaired-preference-dataset) | N/A |
 
 ### From prompt-completion to language modeling dataset
 

docs/source/detoxifying_a_lm.md

@@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
-# Detoxifying a Language Model using PPO
-
-Language models (LMs) are known to sometimes generate toxic outputs. In this example, we will show how to "detoxify" a LM by feeding it toxic prompts and then using [Transformer Reinforcement Learning (TRL)](https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/index) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) to "detoxify" it.
-
-Read this section to follow our investigation on how we can reduce toxicity in a wide range of LMs, from 125m parameters to 6B parameters! 
-
-Here's an overview of the notebooks and scripts in the [TRL toxicity repository](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/toxicity/scripts) as well as the link for the interactive demo:
-
-| File | Description | Colab link |
-|---|---| --- |
-| [`gpt-j-6b-toxicity.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/research_projects/toxicity/scripts/gpt-j-6b-toxicity.py) | Detoxify `GPT-J-6B` using PPO | x | 
-| [`evaluate-toxicity.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/research_projects/toxicity/scripts/evaluate-toxicity.py) | Evaluate de-toxified models using `evaluate` | x | 
-| [Interactive Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/ybelkada/detoxified-lms)| An interactive Space that you can use to compare the original model with its detoxified version!| x |
-
-## Context
-
-Language models are trained on large volumes of text from the internet which also includes a lot of toxic content. Naturally,  language models pick up the toxic patterns during training. Especially when prompted with already toxic texts the models are likely to continue the generations in a toxic way. The goal here is to "force" the model to be less toxic by feeding it toxic prompts and then using PPO to "detoxify" it.
-
-### Computing toxicity scores
-
-In order to optimize a model with PPO we need to define a reward. For this use-case we want a negative reward whenever the model generates something toxic and a positive comment when it is not toxic.
-Therefore, we used [`facebook/roberta-hate-speech-dynabench-r4-target`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/roberta-hate-speech-dynabench-r4-target), which is a RoBERTa model fine-tuned to classify between "neutral" and "toxic" text as our toxic prompts classifier.
-One could have also used different techniques to evaluate the toxicity of a model, or combined different toxicity classifiers, but for simplicity we have chosen to use this one.
-
-### Selection of models
-
-We selected the following models for our experiments to show that TRL can be easily scaled to 10B parameters models: 
-
-* [`EleutherAI/gpt-neo-125M`](https://huggingface.co/EleutherAI/gpt-neo-125M) (125 million parameters)
-* [`EleutherAI/gpt-neo-2.7B`](https://huggingface.co/EleutherAI/gpt-neo-2.7B) (2.7 billion parameters)
-* [`EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B`](https://huggingface.co/EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B) (6 billion parameters)
-
-For the selection of the smallest model, we have chosen `EleutherAI/gpt-neo-125M` because it has shown to be a model that was the "most toxic" compared to other models. We have run toxicity evaluation using `facebook/roberta-hate-speech-dynabench-r4-target` model on 4 different architectures on a subset of `allenai/real-toxicity-prompts` dataset. Note that we have computed the toxicity score on the generated text only (thus ignoring the prompt).
-
-| Model | Mean toxicity score |
-|---|---| 
-| `gpt2` | 0.01602 |
-| `facebook/opt-350m` | 0.01628 |
-| `bigscience/bloom-560m` | 0.00767 |
-| `EleutherAI/gpt-neo-125M` | **0.02016** |
-
-## Designing the problem
-
-When doing PPO, it is very important to design the problem efficiently so that the model can learn to solve it. Let's cover the topics that were important for the model to converge.
-
-### Pre-processing the dataset
-
-The dataset consists of prompts and their continuations, and each of them has an associated `toxicity` score.
-
-A `prompt` example:
-```
-{ "text": "Bronx officer Luis Rios alleged on-the-job tall tales were compounded by his lying about them in court, and", "profanity": 0.08360514, "sexually_explicit": 0.118823394, "identity_attack": 0.09608547, "flirtation": 0.23102224, "threat": 0.13215046, "insult": 0.10130461, "severe_toxicity": 0.04068885, "toxicity": 0.16534281 }
-```
-And its `continuation` value:
-```
-{ "text": " cost federal prosecutors all the drug evidence that the cop collected against an armed suspect — 16 baggies of cocaine during a strip search.", "severe_toxicity": 0.067997746, "toxicity": 0.1694093, "profanity": 0.11931301, "sexually_explicit": 0.12521537, "identity_attack": 0.09268324, "flirtation": 0.13452998, "threat": 0.31312028, "insult": 0.10761123 }
-```
-
-We want to increase the chance for the model to generate toxic prompts so we get more learning signal. For this reason pre-process the dataset to consider only the prompt that has a toxicity score that is greater than a threshold. We can do this in a few lines of code:
-```python
-train_dataset = load_dataset("allenai/real-toxicity-prompts", split="train")
-
-def filter_fn(sample):
-    toxicity = sample["prompt"]["toxicity"]
-    return toxicity is not None and toxicity > 0.3
-
-train_dataset = train_dataset.filter(filter_fn, batched=False)
-```
-
-### Reward function
-
-The reward function is one of the most important part of training a model with reinforcement learning. It is the function that will tell the model if it is doing well or not.
-We tried various combinations, considering the softmax of the label "neutral", the log of the toxicity score and the raw logits of the label "neutral". We have found out that the convergence was much more smoother with the raw logits of the label "neutral".
-```python
-logits = toxicity_model(**toxicity_inputs).logits.float()
-rewards = (logits[:, 0]).tolist()
-```
-
-### Impact of input prompts length
-
-We have found out that training a model with small or long context (from 5 to 8 tokens for the small context and from 15 to 20 tokens for the long context) does not have any impact on the convergence of the model, however, when training the model with longer prompts, the model will tend to generate more toxic prompts. 
-As a compromise between the two we took for a context window of 10 to 15 tokens for the training.
-
-
-<div style="text-align: center">
-<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-long-vs-short-context.png">
-</div>
-
-### How to deal with OOM issues
-
-Our goal is to train models up to 6B parameters, which is about 24GB in float32! Here are two tricks we use to be able to train a 6B model on a single 40GB-RAM GPU:
-
-- Use `bfloat16` precision: Simply load your model in `bfloat16` when calling `from_pretrained` and you can reduce the size of the model by 2:
-
-```python
-model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
-```
-
-and the optimizer will take care of computing the gradients in `bfloat16` precision. Note that this is a pure `bfloat16` training which is different from the mixed precision training. If one wants to train a model in mixed-precision, they should not load the model with `dtype` and specify the mixed precision argument when calling `accelerate config`.
-
-- Use shared layers: Since PPO algorithm requires to have both the active and reference model to be on the same device, we have decided to use shared layers to reduce the memory footprint of the model. This can be achieved by specifying `num_shared_layers` argument when calling the `create_reference_model()` function. For example, if you want to share the first 6 layers of the model, you can do it like this:
-
-<div style="text-align: center">
-<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-shared-layers.png">
-</div>
-
-```python
-ref_model = create_reference_model(model, num_shared_layers=6)
-trainer = PPOTrainer(..., ref_model=ref_model)
-```
-
-In the example above this means that the model has the 4 first layers frozen (i.e. since these layers are shared between the active model and the reference model).
-
-- One could have also applied gradient checkpointing to reduce the memory footprint of the model by calling `model.pretrained_model.enable_gradient_checkpointing()` (although this has the downside of training being ~20% slower).
-
-## Training the model!
-
-We have decided to keep 3 models in total that correspond to our best models:
-
-- [`ybelkada/gpt-neo-125m-detox`](https://huggingface.co/ybelkada/gpt-neo-125m-detox)
-- [`ybelkada/gpt-neo-2.7B-detox`](https://huggingface.co/ybelkada/gpt-neo-2.7B-detox)
-- [`ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-detox`](https://huggingface.co/ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-detox)
-
-We have used different learning rates for each model, and have found out that the largest models were quite hard to train and can easily lead to collapse mode if the learning rate is not chosen correctly (i.e. if the learning rate is too high):
-
-<div style="text-align: center">
-<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-collapse-mode.png">
-</div>
-
-The final training run of `ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-detoxified-20shdl` looks like this:
-
-<div style="text-align: center">
-<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-gpt-j-final-run-2.png">
-</div>
-
-As you can see the model converges nicely, but obviously we don't observe a very large improvement from the first step, as the original model is not trained to generate toxic contents. 
-
-Also we have observed that training with larger `mini_batch_size` leads to smoother convergence and better results on the test set:
-
-<div style="text-align: center">
-<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-gpt-j-mbs-run.png">
-</div>
-
-## Results
-
-We tested our models on a new dataset, the [`OxAISH-AL-LLM/wiki_toxic`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OxAISH-AL-LLM/wiki_toxic) dataset. We feed each model with a toxic prompt from it (a sample with the label "toxic"), and generate 30 new tokens as it is done on the training loop and measure the toxicity score using `evaluate`'s [`toxicity` metric](https://huggingface.co/spaces/ybelkada/toxicity).
-We report the toxicity score of 400 sampled examples, compute its mean and standard deviation and report the results in the table below:
-
-| Model | Mean toxicity score | Std toxicity score |
-| --- | --- | --- |
-| `EleutherAI/gpt-neo-125m` | 0.1627 | 0.2997 |
-| `ybelkada/gpt-neo-125m-detox` | **0.1148** | **0.2506** |
-| --- | --- | --- |
-| `EleutherAI/gpt-neo-2.7B` | 0.1884 | 0.3178 |
-| `ybelkada/gpt-neo-2.7B-detox` | **0.0916** | **0.2104** |
-| --- | --- | --- |
-| `EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B` | 0.1699 | 0.3033 |
-| `ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-detox` | **0.1510** | **0.2798** |
-
-<div class="column" style="text-align:center">
-  <figure>
-    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-final-barplot.png" style="width:80%">
-    <figcaption>Toxicity score with respect to the size of the model.</figcaption>
-  </figure>
-</div>
-
-Below are few generation examples of `gpt-j-6b-detox` model:
-
-<div style="text-align: center">
-<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-toxicity-examples.png">
-</div>
-
-The evaluation script can be found [here](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/research_projects/toxicity/scripts/evaluate-toxicity.py).
-
-### Discussions
-
-The results are quite promising, as we can see that the models are able to reduce the toxicity score of the generated text by an interesting margin. The gap is clear for `gpt-neo-2B` model but we see less so for the `gpt-j-6B` model. There are several things we could try to improve the results on the largest model starting with training with larger `mini_batch_size` and probably allowing to back-propagate through more layers (i.e. use less shared layers).
-
-To sum up, in addition to human feedback this could be a useful additional signal when training large language models to ensure their outputs are less toxic as well as useful.
-
-### Limitations
-
-We are also aware of consistent bias issues reported with toxicity classifiers, and of work evaluating the negative impact of toxicity reduction on the diversity of outcomes. We recommend that future work also compare the outputs of the detoxified models in terms of fairness and diversity before putting them to use.
-
-## What is next?
-
-You can download the model and use it out of the box with `transformers`, or play with the Spaces that compares the output of the models before and after detoxification [here](https://huggingface.co/spaces/ybelkada/detoxified-lms).

docs/source/distributing_training.md

@@ -26,11 +26,12 @@ accelerate launch --config_file examples/accelerate_configs/multi_gpu.yaml train
 This automatically distributes the workload across all available GPUs.
 
 Under the hood, [🤗 Accelerate](https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate) creates one model per GPU. Each process:
+
 - Processes its own batch of data
 - Computes the loss and gradients for that batch
 - Shares gradient updates across all GPUs
 
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/multi_gpu.png)
+![multi gpu](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/multi_gpu.png)
 
 The effective batch size is calculated as:
 
@@ -177,8 +178,7 @@ These results show that **Context Parallelism (CP) scales effectively with more
 >
 > You can learn more and explore configuration examples in the [Accelerate ND-parallelism guide](https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate/blob/main/examples/torch_native_parallelism/README.md#nd-parallelism).
 
-
-**Further Reading on Context Parallelism**  
+### Further Reading on Context Parallelism
 
 - [Accelerate: Context Parallelism Guide](https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate/blob/main/docs/source/concept_guides/context_parallelism.md)  
 - [Accelerate Example: 128k Sequence Length](https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate/blob/main/examples/torch_native_parallelism/README.md#context-parallelism-128k-sequence-length)  
@@ -187,4 +187,4 @@ These results show that **Context Parallelism (CP) scales effectively with more
 
 ## Multi-Node Training
 
-We're working on a guide for multi-node training. Stay tuned! 🚀
+We're working on a guide for multi-node training. Stay tuned! 🚀

docs/source/dpo_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # DPO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-DPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=dpo,trl) [![](https://img.shields.io/badge/smol_course-Chapter_2-yellow)](https://github.com/huggingface/smol-course/tree/main/2_preference_alignment)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-DPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=dpo,trl) [![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/smol_course-Chapter_2-yellow)](https://github.com/huggingface/smol-course/tree/main/2_preference_alignment)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Then, fine-tuning a language model via DPO consists of two steps and is easier t
 
 This process is illustrated in the sketch below (from [Figure 1 of the DPO paper](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.18290)):
 
-![](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/assets/49240599/9150fac6-3d88-4ca2-8ec6-2a6f3473216d)
+![Figure 1 DPO](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/assets/49240599/9150fac6-3d88-4ca2-8ec6-2a6f3473216d)
 
 Read more about DPO algorithm in the [original paper](https://huggingface.co/papers/2305.18290).
 
@@ -101,7 +101,6 @@ Additionally, unlike standard text-based models where a `tokenizer` is used, for
 
 For a complete example of fine-tuning a vision-language model, refer to the script in [`examples/scripts/dpo_vlm.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/dpo_vlm.py).
 
-
 ## Example script
 
 We provide an example script to train a model using the DPO method. The script is available in [`trl/scripts/dpo.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/trl/scripts/dpo.py)
@@ -192,10 +191,10 @@ To scale how much the auxiliary loss contributes to the total loss, use the hype
 
 You can further accelerate QLoRA / LoRA (2x faster, 60% less memory) using the [`unsloth`](https://github.com/unslothai/unsloth) library that is fully compatible with `SFTTrainer`. Currently `unsloth` supports only Llama (Yi, TinyLlama, Qwen, Deepseek etc) and Mistral architectures. Some benchmarks for DPO listed below:
 
-| GPU      | Model     | Dataset    | 🤗   | 🤗 + FlashAttention 2 | 🦥 Unsloth | 🦥 VRAM saved |
-| -------- | --------- | ---------- | --- | --------------------- | --------- | ------------ |
-| A100 40G | Zephyr 7b | Ultra Chat | 1x  | 1.24x                 | **1.88x** | -11.6%       |
-| Tesla T4 | Zephyr 7b | Ultra Chat | 1x  | 1.09x                 | **1.55x** | -18.6%       |
+| GPU | Model | Dataset | 🤗 | 🤗 + FlashAttention 2 | 🦥 Unsloth | 🦥 VRAM saved |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| A100 40G | Zephyr 7b | Ultra Chat | 1x | 1.24x | **1.88x** | -11.6% |
+| Tesla T4 | Zephyr 7b | Ultra Chat | 1x | 1.09x | **1.55x** | -18.6% |
 
 First install `unsloth` according to the [official documentation](https://github.com/unslothai/unsloth). Once installed, you can incorporate unsloth into your workflow in a very simple manner; instead of loading `AutoModelForCausalLM`, you just need to load a `FastLanguageModel` as follows:
 

docs/source/example_overview.md

@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 # Examples
 
-
 ## Introduction
 
 The examples should work in any of the following settings (with the same script):
-   - single GPU
-   - multi GPUs (using PyTorch distributed mode)
-   - multi GPUs (using DeepSpeed ZeRO-Offload stages 1, 2, & 3)
-   - fp16 (mixed-precision), fp32 (normal precision), or bf16 (bfloat16 precision)
 
-To run it in each of these various modes, first initialize the accelerate
-configuration with `accelerate config`
+- single GPU
+- multi GPUs (using PyTorch distributed mode)
+- multi GPUs (using DeepSpeed ZeRO-Offload stages 1, 2, & 3)
+- fp16 (mixed-precision), fp32 (normal precision), or bf16 (bfloat16 precision)
+
+To run it in each of these various modes, first initialize the accelerate configuration with `accelerate config`.
 
 To train with a 4-bit or 8-bit model, please run:
 
@@ -28,7 +27,6 @@ accelerate config # will prompt you to define the training configuration
 
 Then, it is encouraged to launch jobs with `accelerate launch`!
 
-
 ## Maintained Examples
 
 Scripts can be used as examples of how to use TRL trainers. They are located in the [`trl/scripts`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/trl/scripts) directory. Additionally, we provide examples in the [`examples/scripts`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts) directory. These examples are maintained and tested regularly.
@@ -42,9 +40,9 @@ Scripts can be used as examples of how to use TRL trainers. They are located in
 | [`examples/scripts/evals/judge_tldr.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/evals/judge_tldr.py) | This script shows how to use [`HfPairwiseJudge`] or [`OpenAIPairwiseJudge`] to judge model generations. |
 | [`examples/scripts/gkd.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/gkd.py) | This script shows how to use the [`GKDTrainer`] to fine-tune a model. |
 | [`trl/scripts/grpo.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/trl/scripts/grpo.py) | This script shows how to use the [`GRPOTrainer`] to fine-tune a model. |
-| [`examples/scripts/grpo_vlm.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/grpo_vlm.py) | This script shows how to use the [`GRPOTrainer`] to fine-tune a multimodal model for reasoning using the [lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified) dataset.  |
-| [`examples/scripts/gspo.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/gspo.py) | This script shows how to use GSPO via the [`GRPOTrainer`] to fine-tune model for reasoning using the [AI-MO/NuminaMath-TIR](https://huggingface.co/datasets/AI-MO/NuminaMath-TIR) dataset.  |
-| [`examples/scripts/gspo_vlm.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/gspo_vlm.py) | This script shows how to use GSPO via the [`GRPOTrainer`] to fine-tune a multimodal model for reasoning using the [lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified) dataset.  |
+| [`examples/scripts/grpo_vlm.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/grpo_vlm.py) | This script shows how to use the [`GRPOTrainer`] to fine-tune a multimodal model for reasoning using the [lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified) dataset. |
+| [`examples/scripts/gspo.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/gspo.py) | This script shows how to use GSPO via the [`GRPOTrainer`] to fine-tune model for reasoning using the [AI-MO/NuminaMath-TIR](https://huggingface.co/datasets/AI-MO/NuminaMath-TIR) dataset. |
+| [`examples/scripts/gspo_vlm.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/gspo_vlm.py) | This script shows how to use GSPO via the [`GRPOTrainer`] to fine-tune a multimodal model for reasoning using the [lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified) dataset. |
 | [`examples/scripts/kto.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/kto.py) | This script shows how to use the [`KTOTrainer`] to fine-tune a model. |
 | [`examples/scripts/mpo_vlm.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/mpo_vlm.py) | This script shows how to use MPO via the [`DPOTrainer`] to align a model based on preferences using the [HuggingFaceH4/rlaif-v_formatted](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceH4/rlaif-v_formatted) dataset and a set of loss weights with weights. |
 | [`examples/scripts/nash_md.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/nash_md.py) | This script shows how to use the [`NashMDTrainer`] to fine-tune a model. |
@@ -72,11 +70,6 @@ Here are also some easier-to-run colab notebooks that you can use to get started
 | [`examples/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment.ipynb`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment.ipynb) | This notebook demonstrates how to reproduce the GPT2 imdb sentiment tuning example on a jupyter notebook. |
 | [`examples/notebooks/gpt2-control.ipynb`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/notebooks/gpt2-control.ipynb) | This notebook demonstrates how to reproduce the GPT2 sentiment control example on a jupyter notebook. |
 
-
-We also have some other examples that are less maintained but can be used as a reference:
-1. **[research_projects](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/research_projects)**: Check out this folder to find the scripts used for some research projects that used TRL (LM de-toxification, Stack-Llama, etc.)
-
-
 ## Distributed training
 
 All the scripts can be run on multiple GPUs by providing the path of an 🤗 Accelerate config file when calling `accelerate launch`. To launch one of them on one or multiple GPUs, run the following command (swapping `{NUM_GPUS}` with the number of GPUs in your machine and `--all_arguments_of_the_script` with your arguments).

docs/source/gkd_trainer.md

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 # Generalized Knowledge Distillation Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-GKD-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=gkd,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-GKD-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=gkd,trl)
 
 ## Overview
 
-Generalized Knowledge Distillation (GKD) was proposed in [On-Policy Distillation of Language Models: Learning from Self-Generated Mistakes](https://huggingface.co/papers/2306.13649) by Rishabh Agarwal, Nino Vieillard, Yongchao Zhou, Piotr Stanczyk, Sabela Ramos, Matthieu Geist, and Olivier Bachem. 
+Generalized Knowledge Distillation (GKD) was proposed in [On-Policy Distillation of Language Models: Learning from Self-Generated Mistakes](https://huggingface.co/papers/2306.13649) by Rishabh Agarwal, Nino Vieillard, Yongchao Zhou, Piotr Stanczyk, Sabela Ramos, Matthieu Geist, and Olivier Bachem.
 
 The abstract from the paper is the following:
 
 > Knowledge distillation (KD) is widely used for compressing a teacher model to reduce its inference cost and memory footprint, by training a smaller student model. However, current KD methods for auto-regressive sequence models suffer from distribution mismatch between output sequences seen during training and those generated by the student during inference. To address this issue, we introduce Generalized Knowledge Distillation (GKD). Instead of solely relying on a fixed set of output sequences, GKD trains the student on its self-generated output sequences by leveraging feedback from the teacher on such sequences. Unlike supervised KD approaches, GKD also offers the flexibility to employ alternative loss functions between the student and teacher, which can be useful when the student lacks the expressivity to mimic the teacher's distribution. Furthermore, GKD facilitates the seamless integration of distillation with RL fine-tuning (RLHF). We demonstrate the efficacy of GKD for distilling auto-regressive language models on summarization, translation, and arithmetic reasoning tasks, and task-agnostic distillation for instruction-tuning.
 
-
 The key aspects of GKD are:
+
 1. It addresses the train-inference distribution mismatch in auto-regressive sequence models by training the student model on its self-generated output sequences.
 2. GKD allows flexibility in choosing different divergence measures between student and teacher models via the generalized Jensen-Shannon Divergence (JSD), which can be useful when the student lacks the capacity to fully mimic the teacher.
 
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ This post-training method was contributed by [Kashif Rasul](https://huggingface.
 ## Usage tips
 
 The [`GKDTrainer`] is a wrapper around the [`SFTTrainer`] class that takes in a teacher model argument. It needs three parameters to be set via the [`GKDConfig`] namely:
+
 * `lmbda`:  controls the student data fraction, i.e., the proportion of on-policy student-generated outputs. When `lmbda=0.0`, the loss reduces to supervised JSD where the student is trained with the token-level probabilities of the teacher. When `lmbda=1.0`, the loss reduces to on-policy JSD, where the student generates output sequences and token-specific feedback on these sequences from the teacher. For values in between [0, 1] it is random between the two based on the `lmbda` value for each batch.
 * `seq_kd`:  controls whether to perform Sequence-Level KD (can be viewed as supervised FT on teacher-generated out). When `seq_kd=True` and `lmbda=0.0`, the loss reduces to supervised JSD, where the teacher generates output sequences and the student receives token-specific feedback on these sequences from the teacher. 
 * `beta`: controls the interpolation in the generalized Jensen-Shannon Divergence.  When `beta=0.0` the loss approximates forward KL divergence, while for `beta=1.0` the loss approximates reverse KL divergence. For values in between [0, 1] it interpolates between the two.
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ trainer.train()
 ### Expected dataset type
 
 The dataset should be formatted as a list of "messages" where each message is a list of dictionaries with the following keys:
+
 * `role`: either `system`, `assistant` or `user`
 * `content`: the message content
 

docs/source/grpo_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # GRPO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-GRPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=grpo,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-GRPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=grpo,trl)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ accelerate launch train_grpo.py
 
 Distributed across 8 GPUs, the training takes approximately 1 day.
 
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/grpo_curves.png)
+![GRPO curves](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/grpo_curves.png)
 
 ## Looking deeper into the GRPO method
 
 GRPO is an online learning algorithm, meaning it improves iteratively by using the data generated by the trained model itself during training. The intuition behind GRPO objective is to maximize the advantage of the generated completions, while ensuring that the model remains close to the reference policy. To understand how GRPO works, it can be broken down into four main steps: **Generating completions**, **computing the advantage**, **estimating the KL divergence**, and **computing the loss**.
 
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/grpo_visual.png)
+![GRPO visual](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/grpo_visual.png)
 
 ### Generating completions
 
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ This approach gives the method its name: **Group Relative Policy Optimization (G
 > It was shown in the paper [Understanding R1-Zero-Like Training: A Critical Perspective](https://huggingface.co/papers/2503.20783) that scaling by  \\( \text{std}(\mathbf{r}) \\) may cause a question-level difficulty bias. You can disable this scaling by setting `scale_rewards=False` in [`GRPOConfig`].
 
 > [!TIP]
-> 
 > [Part I: Tricks or Traps? A Deep Dive into RL for LLM Reasoning (Lite PPO)](https://huggingface.co/papers/2508.08221) showed that calculating the mean at the local (group) level and the standard deviation at the global (batch) level enables more robust reward shaping. You can use this scaling strategy by setting `scale_rewards="batch"` in [`GRPOConfig`].
 
 ### Estimating the KL divergence
@@ -167,10 +166,10 @@ While training and evaluating, we record the following reward metrics:
 - `entropy`: Average entropy of token predictions across generated completions. (If `mask_truncated_completions=True`, masked sequences tokens are excluded.)
 - `kl`: The average KL divergence between the model and the reference model, calculated over generated completions. Logged only if `beta` is nonzero.
 - `clip_ratio/region_mean`: The ratio of token (or sequence, if `importance_sampling_level="sequence"`) probabilities where the GRPO objective is clipped to stay within the trust region:
-$$
-\text{clip}\left( r_{i,t}(\theta), 1 - \epsilon_\mathrm{low}, 1 + \epsilon_\mathrm{high} \right)\,, \qquad r_{i,t}(\theta) = \frac{\pi_\theta(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,< t})}{\pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,< t})}\,.
-$$
-A higher value means more tokens are clipped, which constrains how much the policy $\pi_\theta$ can change.
+  $$
+  \text{clip}\left( r_{i,t}(\theta), 1 - \epsilon_\mathrm{low}, 1 + \epsilon_\mathrm{high} \right)\,, \qquad r_{i,t}(\theta) = \frac{\pi_\theta(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,< t})}{\pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,< t})}\,.
+  $$
+  A higher value means more tokens are clipped, which constrains how much the policy $\pi_\theta$ can change.
 - `clip_ratio/low_mean`: The average ratio of token (or sequence, if `importance_sampling_level="sequence"`) probabilities that were clipped on the lower bound of the trust region:  \\(r_{i,t}(\theta) < 1 - \epsilon_\mathrm{low}\\)
 - `clip_ratio/low_min`: The minimum ratio of token (or sequence, if `importance_sampling_level="sequence"`) probabilities that were clipped on the lower bound of the trust region:  \\(r_{i,t}(\theta) < 1 - \epsilon_\mathrm{low}\\)
 - `clip_ratio/high_mean`: The average ratio of token (or sequence, if `importance_sampling_level="sequence"`) probabilities that were clipped on the upper bound of the trust region:  \\(r_{i,t}(\theta) > 1 + \epsilon_\mathrm{high}\\)
@@ -181,6 +180,7 @@ A higher value means more tokens are clipped, which constrains how much the poli
 ### Speed up training with vLLM-powered generation
 
 Generation is often the main bottleneck when training with online methods. To accelerate generation, you can use [vLLM](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm), a high-throughput, low-latency inference engine for LLMs. To enable it, first install the package with
+
 ```shell
 pip install trl[vllm]
 ```
@@ -195,11 +195,13 @@ We support two ways of using vLLM during training: **server mode** and **colocat
 In this mode, vLLM runs in a separate process (and using separate GPUs) and communicates with the trainer via HTTP. This is ideal if you have dedicated GPUs for inference.
 
 1. **Start the vLLM server**:
+
    ```bash
    trl vllm-serve --model <model_name>
    ```
 
 2. **Enable server mode in your training script**:
+
    ```python
    from trl import GRPOConfig
 
@@ -232,12 +234,7 @@ training_args = GRPOConfig(
 >
 > We provide a [HF Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/trl-lib/recommend-vllm-memory) to help estimate the recommended GPU memory utilization based on your model configuration and experiment settings. Simply use it as follows to get `vllm_gpu_memory_utilization` recommendation:
 >
-> <iframe
-> 	src="https://trl-lib-recommend-vllm-memory.hf.space"
-> 	frameborder="0"
-> 	width="850"
-> 	height="450"
-> ></iframe>
+> <iframe src="https://trl-lib-recommend-vllm-memory.hf.space" frameborder="0" width="850" height="450"></iframe>
 >
 > If the recommended value does not work in your environment, we suggest adding a small buffer (e.g., +0.05 or +0.1) to the recommended value to ensure stability.
 >
@@ -436,6 +433,7 @@ You can test this function as follows:
 >>> reward_func(prompts=prompts, completions=completions, ground_truth=ground_truth)
 [1.0, 0.0]
 ```
+
 #### Example 4: Multi-task reward functions
 
 Below is an example of using multiple reward functions in the [`GRPOTrainer`]. In this example, we define two task-specific reward functions: `math_reward_func` and `coding_reward_func`. The `math_reward_func` rewards math problems based on their correctness, while the `coding_reward_func` rewards coding problems based on whether the solution works.
@@ -496,8 +494,6 @@ In this example, the `math_reward_func` and `coding_reward_func` are designed to
 
 Note that the [`GRPOTrainer`] will ignore the `None` rewards returned by the reward functions and only consider the rewards returned by the relevant functions. This ensures that the model is trained on the relevant tasks and ignores the tasks for which there is no relevant reward function.
 
-
-
 #### Passing the reward function to the trainer
 
 To use your custom reward function, pass it to the [`GRPOTrainer`] as follows:

docs/source/how_to_train.md

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-# Training FAQ
-
-## What Metrics Should I Look at?
-
-When performing classical supervised fine-tuning of language models, the loss (especially the validation loss) serves as a good indicator of the training progress. However, in Reinforcement Learning (RL), the loss becomes less informative about the model's performance, and its value may fluctuate while the actual performance improves.
-
-To address this, we recommend focusing on two key metrics first:
-
-**Mean Reward**: The primary goal is to maximize the reward achieved by the model during RL training.
-**Objective KL Divergence**: KL divergence (Kullback-Leibler divergence) measures the dissimilarity between two probability distributions. In the context of RL training, we use it to quantify the difference between the current model and a reference model. Ideally, we want to keep the KL divergence between 0 and 10 to ensure the model's generated text remains close to what the reference model produces.
-
-However, there are more metrics that can be useful for debugging, check out the [logging section](logging).
-
-## Why Do We Use a Reference Model, and What's the Purpose of KL Divergence?
-
-When training RL models, optimizing solely for reward may lead to unexpected behaviors, where the model exploits the environment in ways that don't align with good language generation. In the case of RLHF, we use a reward model trained to predict whether a generated text is highly ranked by humans.
-
-However, the RL model being optimized against the reward model may learn patterns that yield high reward but do not represent good language. This can result in extreme cases where the model generates texts with excessive exclamation marks or emojis to maximize the reward. In some worst-case scenarios, the model may generate patterns completely unrelated to natural language yet receive high rewards, similar to adversarial attacks.
-
-<div style="text-align: center">
-<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/kl-example.png">
-<p style="text-align: center;"> <b>Figure:</b> Samples without a KL penalty from <a href="https://huggingface.co/papers/1909.08593">https://huggingface.co/papers/1909.08593</a>. </p>
-</div>
-
-To address this issue, we add a penalty to the reward function based on the KL divergence between the current model and the reference model. By doing this, we encourage the model to stay close to what the reference model generates.
-
-## What Is the Concern with Negative KL Divergence?
-
-If you generate text by purely sampling from the model distribution things work fine in general. But when you use the `generate` method there are a few caveats because it does not always purely sample depending on the settings which can cause KL-divergence to go negative. Essentially when the active model achieves `log_p_token_active < log_p_token_ref` we get negative KL-div. This can happen in several cases:
-
-- **top-k sampling**: the model can smooth out the probability distribution causing the top-k tokens having a smaller probability than those of the reference model but they still are selected
-- **min_length**: this ignores the EOS token until `min_length` is reached. thus the model can assign a very low log prob to the EOS token and very high probs to all others until min_length is reached
-
-These are just a few examples. Why is negative KL an issue? The total reward `R` is computed `R = r - beta * KL` so if the model can learn how to drive KL-divergence negative it effectively gets a positive reward. In many cases it can be much easier to exploit such a bug in the generation than actually learning the reward function. In addition the KL can become arbitrarily small thus the actual reward can be very small compared to it.
-
-So how should you generate text for PPO training? Let's have a look!
-
-## How to generate text for training?
-
-In order to avoid the KL issues described above we recommend to use the following settings:
-
-```python
-generation_kwargs = {
-    "min_length": -1, # don't ignore the EOS token (see above)
-    "top_k": 0.0, # no top-k sampling
-    "top_p": 1.0, # no nucleus sampling
-    "do_sample": True, # yes, we want to sample
-    "pad_token_id": tokenizer.eos_token_id, # most decoder models don't have a padding token - use EOS token instead
-    "max_new_tokens": 32, # specify how many tokens you want to generate at most
-}
-```
-
-With these settings we usually don't encounter any issues. You can also experiment with other settings but if you encounter issues with negative KL-divergence try to go back to these and see if they persist.
-
-## How can debug your own use-case?
-
-Debugging the RL pipeline can be challenging due to its complexity. Here are some tips and suggestions to make the process easier:
-
-- **Start from a working example**: Begin with a working example from the trl repository and gradually modify it to fit your specific use-case. Changing everything at once can make it difficult to identify the source of potential issues. For example, you can start by replacing the model in the example and once you figure out the best hyperparameters try to switch to your dataset and reward model. If you change everything at once you won't know where a potential problem comes from.
-- **Start small, scale later**: Training large models can be very slow and take several hours or days until you see any improvement. For debugging this is not a convenient timescale so try to use small model variants during the development phase and scale up once that works. That being said you sometimes have to be careful as small models might not have the capacity to solve a complicated task either.
-- **Start simple**: Try to start with a minimal example and build complexity from there. Your use-case might require for example a complicated reward function consisting of many different rewards - try to use one signal first and see if you can optimize that and then add more complexity after that.
-- **Inspect the generations**: It's always a good idea to inspect what the model is generating. Maybe there is a bug in your post-processing or your prompt. Due to bad settings you might cut-off generations too soon. These things are very hard to see on the metrics but very obvious if you look at the generations.
-- **Inspect the reward model**: If your reward is not improving over time maybe there's an issue with the reward model. You can look at extreme cases to see if it does what it should: e.g. in the sentiment case you can check if simple positive and negative examples really get different rewards. And you can look at the distribution of your dataset. Finally, maybe the reward is dominated by the query which the model can't affect so you might need to normalize this (e.g. reward of query+response minus reward of the query).
-
-These are just a few tips that we find helpful - if you have more useful tricks feel free to open a PR to add them as well!

docs/source/index.md

@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@ The library is integrated with 🤗 [transformers](https://github.com/huggingfac
 
 Below is the current list of TRL trainers, organized by method type (⚡️ = vLLM support).
 
-<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; width: 100%; gap: 2rem;">
+## Taxonomy
 
+<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; width: 100%; gap: 2rem;">
 <div style="flex: 1; min-width: 0;">
 
-**Online methods**
+### Online methods
+
 - [`GRPOTrainer`] ⚡️
 - [`RLOOTrainer`] ⚡️
 - [`OnlineDPOTrainer`] ⚡️
@@ -21,15 +23,16 @@ Below is the current list of TRL trainers, organized by method type (⚡️ = vL
 - [`XPOTrainer`] ⚡️
 - [`PPOTrainer`]
 
-**Reward modeling**
+### Reward modeling
+
 - [`PRMTrainer`]
 - [`RewardTrainer`]
 
 </div>
-
 <div style="flex: 1; min-width: 0;">
 
-**Offline methods**
+### Offline methods
+
 - [`SFTTrainer`]
 - [`DPOTrainer`]
 - [`ORPOTrainer`]
@@ -37,14 +40,13 @@ Below is the current list of TRL trainers, organized by method type (⚡️ = vL
 - [`CPOTrainer`]
 - [`KTOTrainer`]
 
-**Knowledge distillation**
+### Knowledge distillation
+
 - [`GKDTrainer`]
 
 </div>
-
 </div>
 
-
 ## 🎉 What's New
 
 **✨ OpenAI GPT OSS Support**: TRL now fully supports fine-tuning the latest [OpenAI GPT OSS models](https://huggingface.co/collections/openai/gpt-oss-68911959590a1634ba11c7a4)! Check out the:

docs/source/installation.md

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 # Installation
+
 You can install TRL either from PyPI or from source:
 
 ## PyPI
+
 Install the library with pip or [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/):
 
 <hfoptions id="install">
 <hfoption id="uv">
 
-uv is a fast Rust-based Python package and project manager. Refer to [Installation](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/getting-started/installation/) for installation instructions).
+uv is a fast Rust-based Python package and project manager. Refer to [Installation](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/getting-started/installation/) for installation instructions.
 
 ```bash
 uv pip install trl
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ pip install trl
 </hfoptions>
 
 ## Source
+
 You can also install the latest version from source. First clone the repo and then run the installation with `pip`:
 
 ```bash

docs/source/jobs_training.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Training with Jobs
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-HF_Jobs-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=hf_jobs,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-HF_Jobs-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=hf_jobs,trl)
 
 [Hugging Face Jobs](https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub/guides/jobs) lets you run training scripts on fully managed infrastructure—no need to manage GPUs or local environment setup.
 

docs/source/judges.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pip install trl[judges]
 
 ## Using the provided judges
 
-TRL provides several judges out of the box. For example, you can use the `HfPairwiseJudge` to compare two completions using a pre-trained model from the Hugging Face model hub:
+TRL provides several judges out of the box. For example, you can use the [`HfPairwiseJudge`] to compare two completions using a pre-trained model from the Hugging Face model hub:
 
 ```python
 from trl import HfPairwiseJudge

docs/source/kernels_hub.md

@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ trl sft ... --attn_implementation kernels-community/flash-attn
 > [!TIP]
 > Now you can leverage faster attention backends with a pre-optimized kernel for your hardware configuration from the Hub, speeding up both development and training.
 
-
 ## Comparing Attention Implementations
 
 We evaluated various attention implementations available in transformers, along with different kernel backends, using **TRL** and **SFT**.  
@@ -54,15 +53,14 @@ The experiments were run on a single **H100 GPU** with **CUDA 12.9**, leveraging
 Keep in mind that the results shown here are specific to this setup and may vary with different training configurations.
 
 The following figure illustrates both **latency** (time per training step) and **peak allocated memory** for the different attention implementations and kernel backends.  
-Kernel-based implementations perform on par with custom-installed attention, and increasing the model’s `max_length` further enhances performance. Memory consumption is similar across all implementations, showing no significant differences. We get the same performance but with less friction, as described in [the following section](#benchmarking-flash-attention-build-from-source-vs-hub-kernels).
-
+Kernel-based implementations perform on par with custom-installed attention, and increasing the model’s `max_length` further enhances performance. Memory consumption is similar across all implementations, showing no significant differences. We get the same performance but with less friction, as described in [the following section](#flash-attention-vs-hub-kernels).
 
 <div class="flex justify-center">
   <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/kernels_guide_latency.png" alt="Latency and Memory Usage" width="45%"/>
   <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/kernels_guide_peak_allocated_memory.png" alt="Latency and Memory Usage" width="45%"/>
 </div>
 
-## Flash Attention (Build-from-Source) vs. Hub Kernels
+## Flash Attention vs. Hub Kernels
 
 Building Flash Attention from source can be time-consuming, often taking anywhere from several minutes to hours, depending on your hardware, CUDA/PyTorch configuration, and whether precompiled wheels are available.  
 
@@ -74,7 +72,6 @@ You can combine **FlashAttention kernels** with **Liger kernels** for additional
 
 First, install the Liger kernel dependency:
 
-
 ```bash
 pip install liger-kernel
 ```
@@ -96,6 +93,4 @@ training_args = SFTConfig(
 )
 ```
 
-Learn more about this integration [here](./liger_kernel_integration).
-
-
+Learn more about the [Liger Kernel Integration](./liger_kernel_integration).

docs/source/kto_trainer.md

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 # KTO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-KTO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=kto,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-KTO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=kto,trl)
 
 ## Overview
 
 Kahneman-Tversky Optimization (KTO) was introduced in [KTO: Model Alignment as Prospect Theoretic Optimization](https://huggingface.co/papers/2402.01306) by [Kawin Ethayarajh](https://huggingface.co/kawine), [Winnie Xu](https://huggingface.co/xwinxu), [Niklas Muennighoff](https://huggingface.co/Muennighoff), Dan Jurafsky, [Douwe Kiela](https://huggingface.co/douwekiela).
 
-
 The abstract from the paper is the following:
 
 > Kahneman & Tversky's prospect theory tells us that humans perceive random variables in a biased but well-defined manner; for example, humans are famously loss-averse. We show that objectives for aligning LLMs with human feedback implicitly incorporate many of these biases -- the success of these objectives (e.g., DPO) over cross-entropy minimization can partly be ascribed to them being human-aware loss functions (HALOs). However, the utility functions these methods attribute to humans still differ from those in the prospect theory literature. Using a Kahneman-Tversky model of human utility, we propose a HALO that directly maximizes the utility of generations instead of maximizing the log-likelihood of preferences, as current methods do. We call this approach Kahneman-Tversky Optimization (KTO), and it matches or exceeds the performance of preference-based methods at scales from 1B to 30B. Crucially, KTO does not need preferences -- only a binary signal of whether an output is desirable or undesirable for a given input. This makes it far easier to use in the real world, where preference data is scarce and expensive.
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ accelerate launch train_kto.py
 
 Distributed across 8 x H100 GPUs, the training takes approximately 30 minutes. You can verify the training progress by checking the reward graph. An increasing trend in the reward margin indicates that the model is improving and generating better responses over time.
 
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/kto-qwen2-reward-margin.png)
+![kto qwen2 reward margin](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/kto-qwen2-reward-margin.png)
 
 To see how the [trained model](https://huggingface.co/trl-lib/Qwen2-0.5B-KTO) performs, you can use the [Transformers Chat CLI](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/quicktour#chat-with-text-generation-models).
 
@@ -60,14 +59,14 @@ To see how the [trained model](https://huggingface.co/trl-lib/Qwen2-0.5B-KTO) pe
 What is the best programming language?
 
 <strong><span style="color: blue;">&lt;trl-lib/Qwen2-0.5B-KTO&gt;:</span></strong>
-The best programming language can vary depending on individual preferences, industry-specific requirements, technical skills, and familiarity with the specific use case or task. Here are some widely-used programming languages that have been noted as popular and widely used:                                                                                  
+The best programming language can vary depending on individual preferences, industry-specific requirements, technical skills, and familiarity with the specific use case or task. Here are some widely-used programming languages that have been noted as popular and widely used:
 
 Here are some other factors to consider when choosing a programming language for a project:
 
- <strong><span style="color: green;">1</span> JavaScript</strong>: JavaScript is at the heart of the web and can be used for building web applications, APIs, and interactive front-end applications like frameworks like React and Angular. It's similar to C, C++, and F# in syntax structure and is accessible and easy to learn, making it a popular choice for beginners and professionals alike.                                                                   
- <strong><span style="color: green;">2</span> Java</strong>: Known for its object-oriented programming (OOP) and support for Java 8 and .NET, Java is used for developing enterprise-level software applications, high-performance games, as well as mobile apps, game development, and desktop applications.                                                                                                                                                            
- <strong><span style="color: green;">3</span> C++</strong>: Known for its flexibility and scalability, C++ offers comprehensive object-oriented programming and is a popular choice for high-performance computing and other technical fields. It's a powerful platform for building real-world applications and games at scale.                                                                                                                                         
- <strong><span style="color: green;">4</span> Python</strong>: Developed by Guido van Rossum in 1991, Python is a high-level, interpreted, and dynamically typed language known for its simplicity, readability, and versatility.   
+ <strong><span style="color: green;">1</span> JavaScript</strong>: JavaScript is at the heart of the web and can be used for building web applications, APIs, and interactive front-end applications like frameworks like React and Angular. It's similar to C, C++, and F# in syntax structure and is accessible and easy to learn, making it a popular choice for beginners and professionals alike.
+ <strong><span style="color: green;">2</span> Java</strong>: Known for its object-oriented programming (OOP) and support for Java 8 and .NET, Java is used for developing enterprise-level software applications, high-performance games, as well as mobile apps, game development, and desktop applications.
+ <strong><span style="color: green;">3</span> C++</strong>: Known for its flexibility and scalability, C++ offers comprehensive object-oriented programming and is a popular choice for high-performance computing and other technical fields. It's a powerful platform for building real-world applications and games at scale.
+ <strong><span style="color: green;">4</span> Python</strong>: Developed by Guido van Rossum in 1991, Python is a high-level, interpreted, and dynamically typed language known for its simplicity, readability, and versatility.
 </code></pre>
 
 ## Expected dataset format
@@ -102,7 +101,6 @@ To ensure that we train MOEs similarly during preference-tuning, it is beneficia
 This option is enabled by setting `output_router_logits=True` in the model config (e.g. [`~transformers.MixtralConfig`]).  
 To scale how much the auxiliary loss contributes to the total loss, use the hyperparameter `router_aux_loss_coef=...` (default: `0.001`) in the model config.
 
-
 ### Batch size recommendations
 
 Use a per-step batch size that is at least 4, and an effective batch size between 16 and 128. Even if your effective batch size is large, if your per-step batch size is poor, then the KL estimate in KTO will be poor.

docs/source/liger_kernel_integration.md

@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@
 
 With this memory reduction, you can potentially turn off `cpu_offloading` or gradient checkpointing to further boost the performance.
 
-| Speed Up                 | Memory Reduction        |
-|--------------------------|-------------------------|
+| Speed Up | Memory Reduction |
+| --- | --- |
 | ![Speed up](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/linkedin/Liger-Kernel/main/docs/images/e2e-tps.png) | ![Memory](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/linkedin/Liger-Kernel/main/docs/images/e2e-memory.png) |
 
 1. To use Liger-Kernel in [`SFTTrainer`], first install it by:
-
-```bash
-pip install liger-kernel
-```
+  
+  ```bash
+  pip install liger-kernel
+  ```
 
 2. Once installed, set `use_liger_kernel` in [`SFTConfig`]. No other changes are needed!
 

docs/source/logging.md

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-# Logging
-
-As reinforcement learning algorithms are historically challenging to debug, it's important to pay careful attention to logging.
-By default, TRL trainers like [`PPOTrainer`] and [`GRPOTrainer`] save a lot of relevant information to supported experiment trackers like Trackio, Weights & Biases (wandb) or TensorBoard.
-
-Upon initialization, pass the `report_to` argument to the respective configuration object (e.g., [`PPOConfig`] for `PPOTrainer`, or [`GRPOConfig`] for `GRPOTrainer`):
-
-```python
-# For PPOTrainer
-ppo_config = PPOConfig(
-    # ...,
-    report_to="trackio"  # or "wandb" or "tensorboard"
-)
-
-# For GRPOTrainer
-grpo_config = GRPOConfig(
-    # ...,
-    report_to="trackio"  # or "wandb" or "tensorboard"
-)
-```
-
-If you want to log with TensorBoard, you might also need to specify logging directories, for example, by adding `logging_dir=PATH_TO_LOGS` to the configuration object (e.g., `PPOConfig` or `GRPOConfig`).
-
-## PPO Logging
-
-Here's a brief explanation for the logged metrics provided in the data:
-
-* `eps`: Tracks the number of episodes per second.
-* `objective/kl`: The mean Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the current policy and reference policy.
-* `objective/entropy`: The mean entropy of the policy, indicating the randomness of the actions chosen by the policy.
-* `objective/non_score_reward`: The mean reward from non-score-related sources, basically `beta * kl.sum(1)`, where `beta` is the KL penalty coefficient and `kl` is the per-token KL divergence.
-* `objective/rlhf_reward`: The mean RLHF reward, which is `score - non_score_reward`.
-* `objective/scores`: The mean scores returned by the reward model / environment.
-* `policy/approxkl_avg`: The average approximate KL divergence between consecutive PPO policies. Note that this is not the same as `objective/kl`.
-* `policy/clipfrac_avg`: The average fraction of policy updates that are clipped, indicating how often the policy updates are constrained to prevent large changes.
-* `loss/policy_avg`: The average policy loss, indicating how well the policy is performing.
-* `loss/value_avg`: The average value loss, indicating the difference between the predicted value and the actual reward.
-* `val/clipfrac_avg`: The average fraction of value function updates that are clipped, similar to `policy/clipfrac_avg` but for the value function.
-* `policy/entropy_avg`: The average entropy of the policy during training, indicating how diverse the policy's actions are.
-* `val/ratio`: The mean ratio of the current policy probability to the old policy probability, providing a measure of how much the policy has changed.
-* `val/ratio_var`: The variance of the `val/ratio`, indicating the variability in policy changes.
-* `val/num_eos_tokens`: The number of end-of-sequence (EOS) tokens generated, which can indicate the number of complete responses.
-* `lr`: The current learning rate used by the optimizer.
-* `episode`: The current episode count in the training process.
-
-### Crucial values
-During training, many values are logged, here are the most important ones:
-
-1. `objective/scores`: The mean scores returned by the reward model / environment.
-1. `objective/rlhf_reward`: The mean RLHF reward. This is the ultimate objective of the RLHF training. If training works as intended, this metric should keep going up.
-1. `objective/non_score_reward`: The mean reward from non-score-related sources (e.g., KL penalty).
-
-Here are some parameters that are useful to monitor for stability (when these diverge or collapse to 0, try tuning variables):
-
-1. `loss/value_avg`: The average value loss. It will spike / NaN when not going well.
-1. `val/ratio`: The mean ratio of the current policy probability to the old policy probability. This number should float around 1.0. If this `ratio` is too high (e.g., 2.0 or 1000.0) or too small (e.g., 0.1), it means the updates between consecutive policies are too drastic.
-1. `policy/clipfrac_avg` and `policy/approxkl_avg`: If `val/ratio` is too high, the `ratio` is going to get clipped, resulting in high `policy/clipfrac_avg` and high `policy/approxkl_avg` as well.
-1. `objective/kl`: The mean KL divergence. It should stay positive and ideally not too large, so that the policy is not too far away from the reference policy.
-
-## GRPO Logging
-
-Here's a brief explanation for the logged metrics provided in the data for the GRPO trainer:
-
-* `num_tokens`: Total number of input tokens processed during training so far.
-
-#### Completions
-
-* `completions/mean_length`: Mean length of all generated completions (including those not ending with an EOS token).
-* `completions/min_length`: Minimum length among all generated completions.
-* `completions/max_length`: Maximum length among all generated completions.
-* `completions/clipped_ratio`: The ratio of completions that did not end with an EOS token before reaching the maximum generation length (i.e., they were truncated).
-* `completions/mean_terminated_length`: Mean length of only those completions that successfully ended with an EOS token.
-* `completions/min_terminated_length`: Minimum length among completions that ended with an EOS token.
-* `completions/max_terminated_length`: Maximum length among completions that ended with an EOS token.
-
-#### Rewards
-
-* `rewards/{reward_func_name}/mean`: The mean reward obtained from a specific, named reward function (e.g., `rewards/my_custom_reward/mean`). This is logged for each reward function used.
-* `rewards/{reward_func_name}/std`: The standard deviation of rewards from a specific, named reward function.
-* `reward`: The overall mean of the (potentially weighted and, if `args.scale_rewards` is true, normalized) rewards, after group-wise normalization (advantages).
-* `reward_std`: The standard deviation of the (potentially weighted) rewards *before* group-wise normalization for advantages.
-
-#### Policy and Loss Metrics
-
-* `kl`: The mean Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the current policy and the reference policy. This is logged only if `beta` (the KL coefficient in `GRPOConfig`) is non-zero.
-* `entropy`: Average entropy of token predictions across generated completions.
-* If Liger GRPOLoss is used (`use_liger_loss: True` in `GRPOConfig`):
-    *   `clip_ratio`: The fraction of policy updates where the probability ratio was clipped according to the GRPO loss's epsilon bounds.
-* If standard GRPOLoss is used (`use_liger_loss: False`):
-    *   `clip_ratio/low_mean`: The mean fraction of instances where the probability ratio `r_t(θ)` was clipped at the lower bound `1 - epsilon_low` (occurs when advantage is negative and ratio is below the bound).
-    *   `clip_ratio/low_min`: The minimum observed fraction for `clip_ratio/low_mean` across batches/processes.
-    *   `clip_ratio/high_mean`: The mean fraction of instances where the probability ratio `r_t(θ)` was clipped at the upper bound `1 + epsilon_high` (occurs when advantage is positive and ratio is above the bound).
-    *   `clip_ratio/high_max`: The maximum observed fraction for `clip_ratio/high_mean` across batches/processes.
-    *   `clip_ratio/region_mean`: The mean fraction of instances where the probability ratio was clipped at either the lower or upper bound.
-
-### Crucial GRPO values
-
-During GRPO training, monitor these values for insights into performance and stability:
-
-1.  `reward`: This is the primary objective. It reflects the (group-wise normalized) rewards the policy is achieving. It should generally increase during successful training.
-1.  `kl`: If `beta > 0`, this tracks the divergence from the reference model. Keep an eye on it to ensure the policy doesn't stray too far, which can lead to instability.
-1.  `clip_ratio/*` (either `clip_ratio` for Liger loss or the more detailed `clip_ratio/...` metrics for standard loss): These indicate how often the policy updates are being constrained by the GRPO clipping mechanism. Very high values might suggest that the policy is trying to change too drastically (potentially due to large advantages or a learning rate that's too high) or that the epsilon clipping range is too restrictive.
-1.  `completions/clipped_ratio`: A high ratio here indicates that the model is frequently generating completions that are cut off by `max_completion_length` rather than naturally ending with an EOS token. This might suggest issues with learning sequence termination or that `max_completion_length` is too short.
-1. `rewards/{reward_func_name}/mean`: Monitoring the mean of individual reward functions can help diagnose which aspects of the desired behavior the model is learning or struggling with, especially when using multiple reward sources.
-1. `entropy`: Measures how uncertain the policy is in its action choices, higher entropy suggests more exploration. A collapse in entropy means the policy is becoming overconfident and deterministic, often too early. This can stall learning by reducing exploration and making updates overly biased. Stable but non-zero entropy is usually a sign that the policy retains flexibility and continues to explore.
-

docs/source/lora_without_regret.md

@@ -22,14 +22,13 @@ Let's implement and train LoRA adapters in TRL scripts based on the core finding
 The blog post performs SFT on a range of models and datasets from the Hub, which we can reproduce in TRL.
 
 | Model | Dataset |
-|-------|---------|
+| --- | --- |
 | [Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B) | [allenai/tulu-3-sft-mixture](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/tulu-3-sft-mixture) |
 | [Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B) | [open-thoughts/OpenThoughts-114k](https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-thoughts/OpenThoughts-114k) |
 | [Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B) | [allenai/tulu-3-sft-mixture](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/tulu-3-sft-mixture) |
 | [Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B) | [open-thoughts/OpenThoughts-114k](https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-thoughts/OpenThoughts-114k) |
 
 <hfoptions id="sft">
-
 <hfoption id="python">
 
 We can integrate these findings with the TRL Python API like so:
@@ -64,7 +63,6 @@ trainer.train()
 ```
 
 </hfoption>
-
 <hfoption id="jobs">
 
 ```bash
@@ -127,10 +125,10 @@ Once training starts, you can monitor the progress in [Trackio](https://huggingf
 
 ### Reinforcement Learning (GRPO)
 
-The blog post performs GRPO on a range of models and datasets from the Hub, and once again we can reproduce the results in TRL. 
+The blog post performs GRPO on a range of models and datasets from the Hub, and once again we can reproduce the results in TRL.
 
 | Model | Dataset |
-|-------|---------|
+| --- | --- |
 | [Llama-3.1-8B-Base](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B) | [GSM8k](https://huggingface.co/datasets/openai/gsm8k) |
 | [Llama-3.1-8B-Base](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B) | [DeepMath-103K](https://huggingface.co/datasets/zwhe99/DeepMath-103K) |
 | [Qwen3-8b-base](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-8b-base) | [DeepMath-103K](https://huggingface.co/datasets/zwhe99/DeepMath-103K) |
@@ -226,7 +224,6 @@ def strip_reasoning_accuracy_reward(
 </details>
 
 <hfoptions id="grpo">
-
 <hfoption id="python">
 
 We can implement these recommendations with the TRL Python API like so:
@@ -276,7 +273,6 @@ trainer.train()
 > This snippet skips the reward function which is defined above to keep the example concise.
 
 </hfoption>
-
 <hfoption id="jobs">
 
 ```bash
@@ -321,7 +317,6 @@ To use Hugging Face Jobs, you will need to be logged in to the Hugging Face Hub
 <hfoption id="local">
 
 ```bash
-
 uv run "https://huggingface.co/datasets/burtenshaw/lora-without-regrets/resolve/main/grpo.py" \
     --model_name_or_path Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B \
     --dataset_name HuggingFaceH4/OpenR1-Math-220k-default-verified \
@@ -372,23 +367,23 @@ And most importantly, the LoRA model uses significantly less memory than the ful
 
 Here are the parameters we used to train the above models
 
-| Parameter                       | LoRA                                               | Full FT                        |
-|----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
-| `--model_name_or_path`           | HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM3-3B                           | HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM3-3B      |
-| `--dataset_name`                 | HuggingFaceH4/OpenR1-Math-220k-default-verified    | HuggingFaceH4/OpenR1-Math-220k-default-verified |
-| `--learning_rate`                | 1.0e-5                                             | 1.0e-6                        |
-| `--max_prompt_length`            | 1024                                               | 1024                          |
-| `--max_completion_length`        | 4096                                               | 4096                          |
-| `--lora_r`                       | 1                                                  | -                           |
-| `--lora_alpha`                   | 32                                                 | -                           |
-| `--lora_dropout`                 | 0.0                                                | -                           |
-| `--lora_target_modules`          | all-linear                                         | -                           |
+| Parameter | LoRA | Full FT |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `--model_name_or_path` | HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM3-3B | HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM3-3B |
+| `--dataset_name` | HuggingFaceH4/OpenR1-Math-220k-default-verified | HuggingFaceH4/OpenR1-Math-220k-default-verified |
+| `--learning_rate` | 1.0e-5 | 1.0e-6 |
+| `--max_prompt_length` | 1024 | 1024 |
+| `--max_completion_length` | 4096 | 4096 |
+| `--lora_r` | 1 | - |
+| `--lora_alpha` | 32 | - |
+| `--lora_dropout` | 0.0 | - |
+| `--lora_target_modules` | all-linear | - |
 
 Let's break down the key findings of the blog post and how we were able to reproduce them.
 
 ### 1. *LoRA performs better when applied to all weight matrices*
 
-The authors recommend applying LoRA to all weight matrices rather than limiting it to attention layers, as increasing the rank does not compensate for this restriction. 
+The authors recommend applying LoRA to all weight matrices rather than limiting it to attention layers, as increasing the rank does not compensate for this restriction.
 
 ![all layers](https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/lora_without_regret/1.png)
 
@@ -402,7 +397,7 @@ peft_config = LoraConfig(target_modules="all-linear")
 
 ### 2. *The adapter needs sufficient capacity to learn from the dataset*
 
-The blog post recommends using a sufficient LoRA rank to learn from the dataset. The rank determines the number of trainable parameters in the LoRA adapter. Therefore, "For datasets that exceed LoRA capacity, LoRA underperforms FullFT". 
+The blog post recommends using a sufficient LoRA rank to learn from the dataset. The rank determines the number of trainable parameters in the LoRA adapter. Therefore, "For datasets that exceed LoRA capacity, LoRA underperforms FullFT".
 
 ![learning rate](https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/lora_without_regret/3.png)
 
@@ -413,7 +408,7 @@ Reinforcement learning tasks typically require lower capacity, so smaller LoRA r
 The blog post defines the ideal dataset size for LoRA to match full fine-tuning as "Post-training scale". Which we can use to determine the recommended rank for SFT and RL LoRAs as:
 
 | Task Type | Dataset Size | Recommended Rank |
-|-----------|-------------|------------------|
+| --- | --- | --- |
 | **SFT** | Post-training scale | 256 |
 | **RL** | Any size | 1-32 |
 

docs/source/models.md

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ With the `AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead` class TRL supports all decoder mode
 
 ## AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead
 
-
 [[autodoc]] AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead
     - __init__
     - forward
@@ -25,4 +24,4 @@ With the `AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead` class TRL supports all decoder mode
 
 ## create_reference_model
 
-[[autodoc]] create_reference_model
+[[autodoc]] create_reference_model

docs/source/multi_adapter_rl.md

@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ You need to address this approach in three stages that we summarize as follows:
 2- Train a reward model using `peft`. This is required in order to re-use the adapter during the RL optimisation process (step 3 below). We show an example of leveraging the `RewardTrainer` from TRL in [this example](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/scripts/reward_modeling.py)
 3- Fine tune new adapters on the base model using PPO and the reward adapter. ("0 abstraction RL")
 
-Make sure to use the same model (i.e. same architecture and same weights) for the stages 2 & 3. 
+Make sure to use the same model (i.e. same architecture and same weights) for the stages 2 & 3.
 
 ## Quickstart
 
-Let us assume you have trained your reward adapter on `llama-7b` model using `RewardTrainer` and pushed the weights on the hub under `trl-lib/llama-7b-hh-rm-adapter`. 
+Let us assume you have trained your reward adapter on `llama-7b` model using `RewardTrainer` and pushed the weights on the hub under `trl-lib/llama-7b-hh-rm-adapter`.
 When doing PPO, before passing the model to `PPOTrainer` create your model as follows:
 
 ```python
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ trainer = PPOTrainer(
 
 ...
 ```
+
 Then inside your PPO training loop, call the `compute_reward_score` method by accessing the `model` attribute from `PPOTrainer`.
 
 ```python
@@ -56,9 +57,9 @@ rewards = trainer.model.compute_reward_score(**inputs)
 
 ## Advanced usage
 
-### Control on the adapter name 
+### Control on the adapter name
 
-If you are familiar with the `peft` library, you know that you can use multiple adapters inside the same model. What you can do is train multiple adapters on the same base model to fine-tune on different policies. 
+If you are familiar with the `peft` library, you know that you can use multiple adapters inside the same model. What you can do is train multiple adapters on the same base model to fine-tune on different policies.
 In this case, you want to be able to control the adapter name you want to activate back, after retrieving the reward. For that, simply pass the appropriate `adapter_name` to `ppo_adapter_name` argument when calling `compute_reward_score`.
 
 ```python
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ rewards = trainer.model.compute_reward_score(**inputs, ppo_adapter_name=adapter_
 
 For more memory efficient fine-tuning, you can load your base model in 8-bit or 4-bit while keeping the adapters in the default precision (float32).
 Just pass the appropriate arguments (i.e. `load_in_8bit=True` or `load_in_4bit=True`) to `AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained` as follows (assuming you have installed `bitsandbytes`):
+
 ```python
 model_name = "llama-7b"
 rm_adapter_id = "trl-lib/llama-7b-hh-rm-adapter"
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     model_name,
     peft_config=lora_config,
     reward_adapter=rm_adapter_id,
-    load_in_8bit=True,
+    quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_8bit=True),
 )
 
 ...

docs/source/nash_md_trainer.md

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # Nash-MD Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-Nash--MD-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=nash-md,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-Nash--MD-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=nash-md,trl)
 
 ## Overview
 
-Nash-MD was proposed in the paper [Nash Learning from Human Feedback](https://huggingface.co/papers/2312.00886) by Rémi Munos, [Michal Valko](https://huggingface.co/misovalko), Daniele Calandriello, Mohammad Gheshlaghi Azar, Mark Rowland, Daniel Guo, Yunhao Tang, Matthieu Geist, Thomas Mésnard, and Andrea Michi. 
+Nash-MD was proposed in the paper [Nash Learning from Human Feedback](https://huggingface.co/papers/2312.00886) by Rémi Munos, [Michal Valko](https://huggingface.co/misovalko), Daniele Calandriello, Mohammad Gheshlaghi Azar, Mark Rowland, Daniel Guo, Yunhao Tang, Matthieu Geist, Thomas Mésnard, and Andrea Michi.
 
 The abstract from the paper is the following:
 
 > Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as the main paradigm for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Typically, RLHF involves the initial step of learning a reward model from human feedback, often expressed as preferences between pairs of text generations produced by a pre-trained LLM. Subsequently, the LLM's policy is fine-tuned by optimizing it to maximize the reward model through a reinforcement learning algorithm. However, an inherent limitation of current reward models is their inability to fully represent the richness of human preferences and their dependency on the sampling distribution. In this study, we introduce an alternative pipeline for the fine-tuning of LLMs using pairwise human feedback. Our approach entails the initial learning of a preference model, which is conditioned on two inputs given a prompt, followed by the pursuit of a policy that consistently generates responses preferred over those generated by any competing policy, thus defining the Nash equilibrium of this preference model. We term this approach Nash learning from human feedback (NLHF). In the context of a tabular policy representation, we present a novel algorithmic solution, Nash-MD, founded on the principles of mirror descent. This algorithm produces a sequence of policies, with the last iteration converging to the regularized Nash equilibrium. Additionally, we explore parametric representations of policies and introduce gradient descent algorithms for deep-learning architectures. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we present experimental results involving the fine-tuning of a LLM for a text summarization task. We believe NLHF offers a compelling avenue for preference learning and policy optimization with the potential of advancing the field of aligning LLMs with human preferences.
 
-This post-training method was contributed by [Kashif Rasul](https://huggingface.co/kashif) and [Daniil Tiapkin](https://huggingface.co/dtiapkin), [Pierre Ménard](https://huggingface.co/menardprr), Daniele Calandriello and [Quentin Gallouédec](https://huggingface.co/qgallouedec). 
+This post-training method was contributed by [Kashif Rasul](https://huggingface.co/kashif) and [Daniil Tiapkin](https://huggingface.co/dtiapkin), [Pierre Ménard](https://huggingface.co/menardprr), Daniele Calandriello and [Quentin Gallouédec](https://huggingface.co/qgallouedec).
 
 ## Quick start
 

docs/source/online_dpo_trainer.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # Online DPO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-Online_DPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=online-dpo,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-Online_DPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=online-dpo,trl)
 
-## Overview 
+## Overview
 
-Online DPO was proposed in [Direct Language Model Alignment from Online AI Feedback](https://huggingface.co/papers/2402.04792) by Shangmin Guo, Biao Zhang, Tianlin Liu, Tianqi Liu, Misha Khalman, Felipe Llinares, Alexandre Rame, Thomas Mesnard, Yao Zhao, Bilal Piot, Johan Ferret, and Mathieu Blondel. 
+Online DPO was proposed in [Direct Language Model Alignment from Online AI Feedback](https://huggingface.co/papers/2402.04792) by Shangmin Guo, Biao Zhang, Tianlin Liu, Tianqi Liu, Misha Khalman, Felipe Llinares, Alexandre Rame, Thomas Mesnard, Yao Zhao, Bilal Piot, Johan Ferret, and Mathieu Blondel.
 
 The abstract from the paper is the following:
 
@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ This callback logs the model's generated completions directly to Weights & Biase
 
 ![Logged Completions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/wandb_completions.png)
 
-
 ## Example script
 
 We provide an example script to train a model using the online DPO method. The script is available in [`examples/scripts/dpo_online.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/dpo_online.py)
@@ -153,8 +152,7 @@ While training and evaluating, we record the following reward metrics. Here is a
 
 To validate the online DPO implementation works, we ran experiments with the Pythia 1B, 2.8B, and 6.9B models on a single node of 8 x H100s. Here are the commands we used to run the experiments. We take the SFT / RM models directly from [The N+ Implementation Details of RLHF with PPO: A Case Study on TL;DR Summarization](https://huggingface.co/papers/2403.17031).
 
-
-```
+```shell
 # 1B Online DPO experiment
 accelerate launch --config_file examples/accelerate_configs/multi_gpu.yaml \
     examples/scripts/dpo_online.py \
@@ -213,9 +211,8 @@ accelerate launch --config_file examples/accelerate_configs/deepspeed_zero2.yaml
 
 Checkpoints and experiment tracking are available at:
 
-- [🤗 Model checkpoints](https://huggingface.co/collections/trl-lib/online-dpo-66acd3fa38a331a9cd457b07)
-- [🐝 Tracked experiment](https://wandb.ai/huggingface/trl/reports/Online-DPO-experiments-for-TL-DR-summarisation--Vmlldzo5MTczMDU0)
-
+* [🤗 Model checkpoints](https://huggingface.co/collections/trl-lib/online-dpo-66acd3fa38a331a9cd457b07)
+* [🐝 Tracked experiment](https://wandb.ai/huggingface/trl/reports/Online-DPO-experiments-for-TL-DR-summarisation--Vmlldzo5MTczMDU0)
 
 To evaluate, we use [vLLM](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm) to load the checkpoints and GPT-4o mini as a judge model to evaluate the generated TL;DR against the reference TL;DR.
 For more information on how to use judges, see [Judges](judges).

docs/source/orpo_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ORPO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-ORPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=orpo,trl) [![](https://img.shields.io/badge/smol_course-Chapter_2-yellow)](https://github.com/huggingface/smol-course/tree/main/2_preference_alignment)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-ORPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=orpo,trl) [![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/smol_course-Chapter_2-yellow)](https://github.com/huggingface/smol-course/tree/main/2_preference_alignment)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ accelerate launch train_orpo.py
 
 Distributed across 8 GPUs, the training takes approximately 30 minutes. You can verify the training progress by checking the reward graph. An increasing trend in the reward margin indicates that the model is improving and generating better responses over time.
 
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/orpo-qwen2-reward-margin.png)
+![orpo qwen2 reward margin](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/orpo-qwen2-reward-margin.png)
 
 To see how the [trained model](https://huggingface.co/trl-lib/Qwen2-0.5B-ORPO) performs, you can use the [Transformers Chat CLI](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/quicktour#chat-with-text-generation-models).
 
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ What is the best programming language?
 
 <strong><span style="color: blue;">&lt;trl-lib/Qwen2-0.5B-ORPO&gt;:</span></strong>
 It's challenging to determine the best programming language as no one language is perfect, as the complexity of a task and the type of project are significant factors. Some popular languages include Java, Python, JavaScript, and
-C++. If you have specific needs or requirements for a specific project, it's important to choose the language that best suits those needs.                                                                                          
+C++. If you have specific needs or requirements for a specific project, it's important to choose the language that best suits those needs.
 
 Here are some other factors to consider when choosing a programming language for a project:
 
- <strong><span style="color: green;">• Language proficiency:</span></strong> A good programming language is more likely to be easy to understand and use, and will allow developers to collaborate on projects more efficiently.                                     
+ <strong><span style="color: green;">• Language proficiency:</span></strong> A good programming language is more likely to be easy to understand and use, and will allow developers to collaborate on projects more efficiently.
  <strong><span style="color: green;">• Ease of use:</span></strong> There are tools and libraries available to make programming more accessible, so developers should choose a language that can help them get started easier.
  <strong><span style="color: green;">• Code readability:</span></strong> A clear and concise codebase should be easy to read and understand, especially when working with large projects.
  <strong><span style="color: green;">• Tool and framework support:</span></strong> There are numerous libraries available for Python, Java, and JavaScript, along with tools like IDEs and static code analysis tools.
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ While training and evaluating, we record the following reward metrics:
 - `log_odds_chosen`: the mean log odds ratio of the chosen responses over the rejected responses
 - `log_odds_ratio`: the mean of the `log(sigmoid(log_odds_chosen))`
 - `nll_loss`: the mean negative log likelihood loss from the SFT part of the loss over chosen responses
- 
+
 ## ORPOTrainer
 
 [[autodoc]] ORPOTrainer

docs/source/paper_index.md

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ $$
 }
 $$
 
-Despite  \\( \textcolor{red}{\pi_{\text{inference}}} \\) and  \\( \textcolor{blue}{\pi_{\text{training}}} \\) sharing the same model parameters  \\( \theta \\), they can produce significantly different token probabilities. This unexpected behavior implicitly breaks the on-policy assumption, and silently turns training off-policy. 
+Despite  \\( \textcolor{red}{\pi_{\text{inference}}} \\) and  \\( \textcolor{blue}{\pi_{\text{training}}} \\) sharing the same model parameters  \\( \theta \\), they can produce significantly different token probabilities. This unexpected behavior implicitly breaks the on-policy assumption, and silently turns training off-policy.
 
 Truncated Importance Sampling (TIS) addresses this issue by adapting the model update via importance-sampling correction. The gradient computation of the aforementioned PPO objective becomes
 
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ training_args = DPOConfig(
 )
 ```
 
-For the unpaired version, the user should utilize `BCOConfig` and `BCOTrainer`.
+For the unpaired version, the user should utilize [`BCOConfig`] and [`BCOTrainer`].
 
 ### Self-Play Preference Optimization for Language Model Alignment
 
@@ -458,10 +458,7 @@ trainer = SFTTrainer(
 Dynamic Fine-Tuning (DFT) improves the generalization of Large Language Models (LLMs) by dynamically rescaling gradients, outperforming standard Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and showing competitive results in offline reinforcement learning.
 
 $$
-\mathcal{L}_{\text{DFT}}(\theta) 
-= \mathbb{E}_{(x,y) \sim \mathcal{D}} \left[ - \sum_{t=1}^{|y|} 
-\textcolor{red}{\text{sg}\big(\pi_\theta(y_t \mid y_{<t}, x)\big)} 
-\; \log \pi_\theta(y_t \mid y_{<t}, x) \right]
+\mathcal{L}_{\text{DFT}}(\theta) = \mathbb{E}_{(x,y) \sim \mathcal{D}} \left[ - \sum_{t=1}^{|y|} \textcolor{red}{\text{sg}\big(\pi_\theta(y_t \mid y_{<t}, x)\big)} \; \log \pi_\theta(y_t \mid y_{<t}, x) \right]
 $$
 
 where  \\( \text{sg}(\cdot) \\) is the stop-gradient operator. To use DFT with SFT as described in the paper, you can use the `loss_type="dft"` argument:

docs/source/peft_integration.md

@@ -3,17 +3,10 @@
 The notebooks and scripts in these examples show how to use Low Rank Adaptation (LoRA) to fine-tune models in a memory efficient manner. Most of PEFT methods supported in peft library but note that some PEFT methods such as Prompt tuning are not supported.
 For more information on LoRA, see the [original paper](https://huggingface.co/papers/2106.09685).
 
-Here's an overview of the `peft`-enabled notebooks and scripts in the [trl repository](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples):
-
-| File | Task | Description | Colab link |
-|---|---| --- |
-| [`stack_llama/rl_training.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/rl_training.py) | RLHF | Distributed fine-tuning of the 7b parameter LLaMA models with a learned reward model and `peft`. |  |
-| [`stack_llama/reward_modeling.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/reward_modeling.py) | Reward Modeling | Distributed training of the 7b parameter LLaMA reward model with `peft`. |  |
-| [`stack_llama/supervised_finetuning.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/supervised_finetuning.py) | SFT | Distributed instruction/supervised fine-tuning of the 7b parameter LLaMA model with `peft`. |  |
-
 ## Installation
+
 Note: peft is in active development, so we install directly from their Github page.
-Peft also relies on the latest version of transformers. 
+Peft also relies on the latest version of transformers.
 
 ```bash
 pip install trl[peft]
@@ -27,7 +20,7 @@ Note: if you don't want to log with `wandb` remove `log_with="wandb"` in the scr
 
 ## How to use it?
 
-Simply declare a `PeftConfig` object in your script and pass it through `.from_pretrained` to load the TRL+PEFT model. 
+Simply declare a [`~peft.PeftConfig`] object in your script and pass it through `.from_pretrained` to load the TRL+PEFT model.
 
 ```python
 from peft import LoraConfig
@@ -47,7 +40,9 @@ model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     peft_config=lora_config,
 )
 ```
+
 And if you want to load your model in 8bit precision:
+
 ```python
 pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     config.model_name, 
@@ -55,7 +50,9 @@ pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     peft_config=lora_config,
 )
 ```
+
 ... or in 4bit precision:
+
 ```python
 pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     config.model_name, 
@@ -64,7 +61,6 @@ pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
 )
 ```
 
-
 ## Launch scripts
 
 The `trl` library is powered by `accelerate`. As such it is best to configure and launch trainings with the following commands:
@@ -77,6 +73,7 @@ accelerate launch examples/scripts/ppo.py --use_peft # launch`es training
 ## Using `trl` + `peft` and Data Parallelism
 
 You can scale up to as many GPUs as you want, as long as you are able to fit the training process in a single device. The only tweak you need to apply is to load the model as follows:
+
 ```python
 from peft import LoraConfig
 ...
@@ -94,7 +91,9 @@ pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     peft_config=lora_config,
 )
 ```
+
 And if you want to load your model in 8bit precision:
+
 ```python
 pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     config.model_name, 
@@ -102,7 +101,9 @@ pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     load_in_8bit=True,
 )
 ```
+
 ... or in 4bit precision:
+
 ```python
 pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     config.model_name, 
@@ -110,21 +111,20 @@ pretrained_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
     load_in_4bit=True,
 )
 ```
+
 Finally, make sure that the rewards are computed on correct device as well, for that you can use `ppo_trainer.model.current_device`.
 
 ## Naive pipeline parallelism (NPP) for large models (>60B models)
 
-The `trl` library also supports naive pipeline parallelism (NPP) for large models (>60B models). This is a simple way to parallelize the model across multiple GPUs. 
+The `trl` library also supports naive pipeline parallelism (NPP) for large models (>60B models). This is a simple way to parallelize the model across multiple GPUs.
 This paradigm, termed as "Naive Pipeline Parallelism" (NPP) is a simple way to parallelize the model across multiple GPUs. We load the model and the adapters across multiple GPUs and the activations and gradients will be naively communicated across the GPUs. This supports `int8` models as well as other `dtype` models.
 
-<div style="text-align: center">
-<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-npp.png">
-</div>
+![NPP](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl-npp.png)
 
 ### How to use NPP?
 
-Simply load your model with a custom `device_map` argument on the `from_pretrained` to split your model across multiple devices. Check out this [nice tutorial](https://github.com/huggingface/blog/blob/main/accelerate-large-models.md) on how to properly create a `device_map` for your model. 
- 
+Simply load your model with a custom `device_map` argument on the `from_pretrained` to split your model across multiple devices. Check out this [nice tutorial](https://github.com/huggingface/blog/blob/main/accelerate-large-models.md) on how to properly create a `device_map` for your model.
+
 Also make sure to have the `lm_head` module on the first GPU device as it may throw an error if it is not on the first device. As this time of writing, you need to install the `main` branch of `accelerate`: `pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate.git@main` and `peft`: `pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/peft.git@main`.
 
 ### Launch scripts

docs/source/ppo_trainer.md

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 # PPO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-PPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=ppo,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-PPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=ppo,trl)
 
 TRL supports training LLMs with [Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)](https://huggingface.co/papers/1707.06347).
 
 References:
+
 - [Fine-Tuning Language Models from Human Preferences](https://github.com/openai/lm-human-preferences)
 - [Learning to Summarize from Human Feedback](https://github.com/openai/summarize-from-feedback)
 - [The N Implementation Details of RLHF with PPO](https://huggingface.co/blog/the_n_implementation_details_of_rlhf_with_ppo)
@@ -31,49 +32,45 @@ python examples/scripts/ppo/ppo.py \
     --missing_eos_penalty 1.0
 ```
 
-
 ## Explanation of the logged metrics
 
 The logged metrics are as follows. Here is an example [tracked run at Weights and Biases](https://wandb.ai/huggingface/trl/runs/dd2o3g35)
 
-* `eps`: Tracks the number of episodes per second.
-* `objective/kl`: The mean Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the current policy and reference policy.
-* `objective/entropy`: The mean entropy of the policy, indicating the randomness of the actions chosen by the policy.
-* `objective/non_score_reward`: The mean reward from non-score-related sources, basically `beta * kl.sum(1)`, where `beta` is the KL penalty coefficient and `kl` is the per-token KL divergence.
-* `objective/rlhf_reward`: The mean RLHF reward, which is `score - non_score_reward`.
-* `objective/scores`: The mean scores returned by the reward model / environment.
-* `policy/approxkl_avg`: The average approximate KL divergence between consecutive PPO policies. Note that this is not the same as `objective/kl`.
-* `policy/clipfrac_avg`: The average fraction of policy updates that are clipped, indicating how often the policy updates are constrained to prevent large changes.
-* `loss/policy_avg`: The average policy loss, indicating how well the policy is performing.
-* `loss/value_avg`: The average value loss, indicating the difference between the predicted value and the actual reward.
-* `val/clipfrac_avg`: The average fraction of value function updates that are clipped, similar to policy/clipfrac_avg but for the value function.
-* `policy/entropy_avg`: The average entropy of the policy during training, indicating how diverse the policy's actions are.
-* `val/ratio`: The mean ratio of the current policy probability to the old policy probability, providing a measure of how much the policy has changed.
-* `val/ratio_var`: The variance of the `val/ratio`, indicating the variability in policy changes.
-* `val/num_eos_tokens`: The number of end-of-sequence (EOS) tokens generated, which can indicate the number of complete responses.
-* `lr`: lr: The current learning rate used by the optimizer.
-* `episode`: episode: The current episode count in the training process.
-
+- `eps`: Tracks the number of episodes per second.
+- `objective/kl`: The mean Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the current policy and reference policy.
+- `objective/entropy`: The mean entropy of the policy, indicating the randomness of the actions chosen by the policy.
+- `objective/non_score_reward`: The mean reward from non-score-related sources, basically `beta * kl.sum(1)`, where `beta` is the KL penalty coefficient and `kl` is the per-token KL divergence.
+- `objective/rlhf_reward`: The mean RLHF reward, which is `score - non_score_reward`.
+- `objective/scores`: The mean scores returned by the reward model / environment.
+- `policy/approxkl_avg`: The average approximate KL divergence between consecutive PPO policies. Note that this is not the same as `objective/kl`.
+- `policy/clipfrac_avg`: The average fraction of policy updates that are clipped, indicating how often the policy updates are constrained to prevent large changes.
+- `loss/policy_avg`: The average policy loss, indicating how well the policy is performing.
+- `loss/value_avg`: The average value loss, indicating the difference between the predicted value and the actual reward.
+- `val/clipfrac_avg`: The average fraction of value function updates that are clipped, similar to policy/clipfrac_avg but for the value function.
+- `policy/entropy_avg`: The average entropy of the policy during training, indicating how diverse the policy's actions are.
+- `val/ratio`: The mean ratio of the current policy probability to the old policy probability, providing a measure of how much the policy has changed.
+- `val/ratio_var`: The variance of the `val/ratio`, indicating the variability in policy changes.
+- `val/num_eos_tokens`: The number of end-of-sequence (EOS) tokens generated, which can indicate the number of complete responses.
+- `lr`: lr: The current learning rate used by the optimizer.
+- `episode`: episode: The current episode count in the training process.
 
 ## Cookbook
 
-* Debugging TIP: `objective/rlhf_reward`: this is the ultimate objective of the RLHF training. If training works as intended, this metric should keep going up.
-* Debugging TIP: `val/ratio`: this number should float around 1.0, and it gets clipped by `--cliprange 0.2` with PPO's surrogate loss. So if this `ratio` is too high like 2.0 or 1000.0 or too small like 0.1, it means the updates between consecutive policies are too drastic. You should try understand why this is happening and try to fix it.
-* Memory TIP: If you are running out of memory, you can try to reduce the `--per_device_train_batch_size` or increase the `--gradient_accumulation_steps` to reduce the memory footprint.
-* Memory TIP: If you have multiple GPUs, you can also run training with DeepSpeed stage 3 to reduce the memory footprint `accelerate launch --config_file examples/accelerate_configs/deepspeed_zero3.yaml`.
-* Usage TIP: We recommend to use the "EOS trick" via `--missing_eos_penalty`, which subtracts a static scalar penalty from the score of completions that do not end with an EOS token. This can help the model learn to generate more coherent completions.
-
+- Debugging TIP: `objective/rlhf_reward`: this is the ultimate objective of the RLHF training. If training works as intended, this metric should keep going up.
+- Debugging TIP: `val/ratio`: this number should float around 1.0, and it gets clipped by `--cliprange 0.2` with PPO's surrogate loss. So if this `ratio` is too high like 2.0 or 1000.0 or too small like 0.1, it means the updates between consecutive policies are too drastic. You should try understand why this is happening and try to fix it.
+- Memory TIP: If you are running out of memory, you can try to reduce the `--per_device_train_batch_size` or increase the `--gradient_accumulation_steps` to reduce the memory footprint.
+- Memory TIP: If you have multiple GPUs, you can also run training with DeepSpeed stage 3 to reduce the memory footprint `accelerate launch --config_file examples/accelerate_configs/deepspeed_zero3.yaml`.
+- Usage TIP: We recommend to use the "EOS trick" via `--missing_eos_penalty`, which subtracts a static scalar penalty from the score of completions that do not end with an EOS token. This can help the model learn to generate more coherent completions.
 
 ## What is my model doing exactly?
 
 To help you understand what your model is doing, we periodically log some sample completions from the model. Here is an example of a completion. In an example [tracked run at Weights and Biases](https://wandb.ai/huggingface/trl/runs/dd2o3g35), it looks like the following, allowing you to see the model's response at different stages of training. By default we generate `--num_sample_generations 10` during training, but you can customize the number of generations.
 
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/ppov2_completions.gif)
+![ppov2_completions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/ppov2_completions.gif)
 
+In the logs the sampled generations look like
 
-In the logs the sampled generations look like 
-
-```
+```txt
 ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓
 ┃ query                           ┃ model response                  ┃ score    ┃
 ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━┩
@@ -177,7 +174,7 @@ This PPO implementation is based on the [The N+ Implementation Details of RLHF w
 
 To validate the PPO implementation works, we ran experiment on the 1B model. Here are the command we used to run the experiment. We take the SFT / RM models directly from [The N+ Implementation Details of RLHF with PPO: A Case Study on TL;DR Summarization](https://huggingface.co/papers/2403.17031).
 
-```
+```shell
 accelerate launch --config_file examples/accelerate_configs/deepspeed_zero2.yaml \
     examples/scripts/ppo/ppo_tldr.py \
     --output_dir models/minimal/ppo_tldr \
@@ -212,8 +209,7 @@ The PPO checkpoint gets a 64.7% preferred rate vs the 33.0% preference rate of t
 
 Metrics:
 
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/ppov2.png)
-
+![PPO v2](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/ppov2.png)
 
 ```bash
 # pip install openrlbenchmark==0.2.1a5

docs/source/prm_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # PRM Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-PRM-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=prm,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-PRM-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=prm,trl)
 
 > [!WARNING]
 > PRM Trainer is an experimental API which is subject to change at any time.
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ The abstract from the paper is the following:
 
 This post-training method was contributed by [Gaetan Lopez](https://github.com/gaetanlop), [Lewis Tunstall](https://huggingface.co/lewtun), [Quentin Gallouédec](https://huggingface.co/qgallouedec) and [Agustín Piqueres](https://huggingface.co/plaguss).
 
-
 ## Quick start
 
 This example demonstrates how to train a model using the PRM method. We use the [Qwen 0.5B model](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2-0.5B) as the base model. We use the stepwise supervision data from the [Math Shepherd dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/math_shepherd). You can view the data in the dataset here:
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ Distributed across 8 GPUs, the training takes approximately 1 hour.
 
 To see how the [trained model](https://huggingface.co/trl-lib/Qwen2-0.5B-Reward-Math-Sheperd) performs, you can use the following script.
 
-
 ```python
 from datasets import load_dataset
 from transformers import pipeline

docs/source/quickstart.md

@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ trl reward --model_name_or_path Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct \
 - [SFT Trainer](sft_trainer) - Complete SFT guide
 - [DPO Trainer](dpo_trainer) - Preference alignment
 - [GRPO Trainer](grpo_trainer) - Group relative policy optimization
-- [Training FAQ](how_to_train) - Common questions
 
 ### 🚀 Scale Up
 
@@ -141,4 +140,4 @@ Try adjusting the learning rate:
 training_args = SFTConfig(learning_rate=2e-5)  # Good starting point
 ```
 
-For more help, see our [Training FAQ](how_to_train) or open an [issue on GitHub](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/issues).
+For more help, open an [issue on GitHub](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/issues).

docs/source/reducing_memory_usage.md

@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@
 
 Sequence lengths in the dataset can vary widely. When data is batched, sequences are padded to match the longest one in the batch, which can cause high memory usage, even if most sequences are relatively short.
 
-<div class="flex justify-center">
-    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/why_you_should_truncate.png" alt="Truncation prompt-completion" width="600"/>
-</div>
+![Truncation prompt-completion](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/why_you_should_truncate.png)
 
 To reduce memory usage, it's important to truncate sequences to a reasonable length. While TRL trainers truncate sequences by default, you may want to adjust the default truncation length to better align with your specific use case.
 
@@ -18,9 +16,7 @@ To reduce memory usage, it's important to truncate sequences to a reasonable len
 
 DPO truncation is applied first to the prompt and to the completion via the `max_prompt_length` and `max_completion_length` parameters. The `max_length` parameter is then used to truncate the resulting sequence.
 
-<div class="flex justify-center">
-    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/truncation_prompt_completion.png" alt="DPO truncation" width="600"/>
-</div>
+![DPO truncation](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/truncation_prompt_completion.png)
 
 To set the truncation parameters, use the following code snippet:
 
@@ -43,9 +39,7 @@ training_args = DPOConfig(..., max_completion_length=...)
 
 SFT truncation is applied to the input sequence via the `max_length` parameter.
 
-<div class="flex justify-center">
-    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/truncation_input_ids.png" alt="Truncation input ids" width="600"/>
-</div>
+![Truncation input ids](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/truncation_input_ids.png)
 
 To set the truncation parameter, use the following code snippet:
 
@@ -71,21 +65,19 @@ To help you choose an appropriate value, we provide a utility to visualize the s
 > [!TIP]
 > This technique applies only to SFT.
 
-
 [Truncation](#truncation) has several drawbacks:
+
 1. **Loss of information**: Key data at the end of a sequence may be discarded.
 2. **Choosing truncation length**: Too short loses data; too long undermines efficiency.
 
 Packing, introduced in [Raffel et al., 2020](https://huggingface.co/papers/1910.10683), addresses these issues by grouping sequences instead of truncating. It concatenates and splits dataset sequences into the desired lengths.
 
-<div class="flex justify-center">
-    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/packing_2.png" alt="Packing" width="600"/>
-</div>
+![Packing](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/packing_2.png)
 
 Packing reduces padding by merging several sequences in one row when possible. We use an advanced method to be near-optimal in the way we pack the dataset. To enable packing, use `packing=True` in the [`SFTConfig`].
 
 > [!TIP]
-> In TRL 0.18 and earlier, packing used a more aggressive method that reduced padding to almost nothing, but had the downside of breaking sequence continuity for a large fraction of the dataset. To revert to this strategy, use `packing_strategy="wrapped"` in `SFTConfig`.
+> In TRL 0.18 and earlier, packing used a more aggressive method that reduced padding to almost nothing, but had the downside of breaking sequence continuity for a large fraction of the dataset. To revert to this strategy, use `packing_strategy="wrapped"` in [`SFTConfig`].
 
 ```python
 from trl import SFTConfig
@@ -142,9 +134,7 @@ training_args = KTOConfig(..., use_liger_loss=True)
 
 Padding-free batching is an alternative approach for reducing memory usage. In this method, a batch is first sampled and then flattened into a single sequence, avoiding padding. Unlike packing, which can result in incomplete sequences by combining parts of different samples, padding-free batching ensures that all sequences remain complete and intact.
 
-<div class="flex justify-center">
-    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/padding-free.png" alt="Padding-free batching" width="600"/>
-</div>
+![Padding-free](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/padding-free.png)
 
 > [!WARNING]
 > It's highly recommended to use padding-free batching with **FlashAttention 2** or **FlashAttention 3**. Otherwise, you may encounter batch contamination issues.

docs/source/reward_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Reward Modeling
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-Reward_Trainer-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=reward-trainer,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-Reward_Trainer-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=reward-trainer,trl)
 
 ## Overview
 

docs/source/rewards.md

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 
 This module contains some useful reward functions, primarily intended for use with the [`GRPOTrainer`] and [`RLOOTrainer`].
 
-## Format rewards
+## accuracy_reward
 
-### think_format_reward
+[[autodoc]] rewards.accuracy_reward
+
+## think_format_reward
 
 [[autodoc]] rewards.think_format_reward
 
-## Other rewards
-
-### get_soft_overlong_punishment
+## get_soft_overlong_punishment
 
 [[autodoc]] rewards.get_soft_overlong_punishment

docs/source/rloo_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # RLOO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-RLOO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=rloo,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-RLOO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=rloo,trl)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -101,14 +101,13 @@ where  \\( \beta > 0 \\) controls the strength of the KL penalty.
 
 ### Computing the advantage
 
-Once the rewards for each completion have been computed, we calculate a baseline as the average reward of all other samples in the same batch, excluding the current sample. This baseline is used to reduce the variance of the policy gradient estimate. The advantage for each completion is then obtained as the difference between its own reward and this leave-one-out baseline. 
+Once the rewards for each completion have been computed, we calculate a baseline as the average reward of all other samples in the same batch, excluding the current sample. This baseline is used to reduce the variance of the policy gradient estimate. The advantage for each completion is then obtained as the difference between its own reward and this leave-one-out baseline.
 
 Formally, for a batch of G completions, the baseline for completion is:
 $$
 b_i = \frac{1}{G-1} \sum_{j \neq i} r_j
 $$
 
-
 and then the advantage for each completion is computed as the difference between its reward and the baseline:
 
 $$
@@ -151,9 +150,9 @@ While training and evaluating, we record the following reward metrics:
 - `entropy`: Average entropy of token predictions across generated completions. (If `mask_truncated_completions=True`, masked sequences tokens are excluded.)
 - `kl`: The average KL divergence between the model and the reference model, calculated over generated completions. Logged only if `beta` is nonzero.
 - `clip_ratio/region_mean`: The ratio of sequence probabilities where the RLOO objective is clipped to stay within the trust region:
-$$
-\text{clip}\left( r_{i}(\theta), 1 - \epsilon_\mathrm{low}, 1 + \epsilon_\mathrm{high} \right)\,, \qquad r_{i}(\theta) = \frac{\pi_\theta(o_{i} \mid q)}{\pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(o_{i} \mid q)}\,.
-$$
+  $$
+  \text{clip}\left( r_{i}(\theta), 1 - \epsilon_\mathrm{low}, 1 + \epsilon_\mathrm{high} \right)\,, \qquad r_{i}(\theta) = \frac{\pi_\theta(o_{i} \mid q)}{\pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(o_{i} \mid q)}\,.
+  $$
 
     A higher value means more samples are clipped, which constrains how much the policy $\pi_\theta$ can change.
 - `clip_ratio/low_mean`: The average ratio of sequence probabilities that were clipped on the lower bound of the trust region:  \\(r_{i,t}(\theta) < 1 - \epsilon_\mathrm{low}\\)
@@ -166,6 +165,7 @@ $$
 ### Speed up training with vLLM-powered generation
 
 Generation is often the main bottleneck when training with online methods. To accelerate generation, you can use [vLLM](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm), a high-throughput, low-latency inference engine for LLMs. To enable it, first install the package with
+
 ```shell
 pip install trl[vllm]
 ```
@@ -177,11 +177,13 @@ We support two ways of using vLLM during training: **server mode** and **colocat
 In this mode, vLLM runs in a separate process (and using separate GPUs) and communicates with the trainer via HTTP. This is ideal if you have dedicated GPUs for inference.
 
 1. **Start the vLLM server**:
+
    ```bash
    trl vllm-serve --model <model_name>
    ```
 
 2. **Enable server mode in your training script**:
+
    ```python
    from trl import RLOOConfig
 
@@ -214,12 +216,7 @@ training_args = RLOOConfig(
 >
 > We provide a [HF Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/trl-lib/recommend-vllm-memory) to help estimate the recommended GPU memory utilization based on your model configuration and experiment settings. Simply use it as follows to get `vllm_gpu_memory_utilization` recommendation:
 >
-> <iframe
-> 	src="https://trl-lib-recommend-vllm-memory.hf.space"
-> 	frameborder="0"
-> 	width="850"
-> 	height="450"
-> ></iframe>
+> <iframe src="https://trl-lib-recommend-vllm-memory.hf.space" frameborder="0" width="850" height="450"></iframe>
 >
 > If the recommended value does not work in your environment, we suggest adding a small buffer (e.g., +0.05 or +0.1) to the recommended value to ensure stability.
 >
@@ -418,6 +415,7 @@ You can test this function as follows:
 >>> reward_func(prompts=prompts, completions=completions, ground_truth=ground_truth)
 [1.0, 0.0]
 ```
+
 #### Example 4: Multi-task reward functions
 
 Below is an example of using multiple reward functions in the [`RLOOTrainer`]. In this example, we define two task-specific reward functions: `math_reward_func` and `coding_reward_func`. The `math_reward_func` rewards math problems based on their correctness, while the `coding_reward_func` rewards coding problems based on whether the solution works.
@@ -478,8 +476,6 @@ In this example, the `math_reward_func` and `coding_reward_func` are designed to
 
 Note that the [`RLOOTrainer`] will ignore the `None` rewards returned by the reward functions and only consider the rewards returned by the relevant functions. This ensures that the model is trained on the relevant tasks and ignores the tasks for which there is no relevant reward function.
 
-
-
 #### Passing the reward function to the trainer
 
 To use your custom reward function, pass it to the [`RLOOTrainer`] as follows:

docs/source/sentiment_tuning.md

@@ -4,15 +4,11 @@ The notebooks and scripts in these examples show how to fine-tune a model with a
 
 Here's an overview of the notebooks and scripts in the [trl repository](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples):
 
-
-
-| File                                                                                           | Description                                                                                                              |
-|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| [`examples/scripts/ppo.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/ppo.py)  [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/sentiment/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment.ipynb) | This script shows how to use the `PPOTrainer` to fine-tune a sentiment analysis model using IMDB dataset                 |
-| [`examples/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment.ipynb`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment.ipynb)              | This notebook demonstrates how to reproduce the GPT2 imdb sentiment tuning example on a jupyter notebook.                |
-| [`examples/notebooks/gpt2-control.ipynb`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/notebooks/gpt2-control.ipynb)   [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/sentiment/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment-control.ipynb)                | This notebook demonstrates how to reproduce the GPT2 sentiment control example on a jupyter notebook.    
-
-
+| File | Description |
+| --- |--- |
+| [`examples/scripts/ppo.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/scripts/ppo.py)  [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/sentiment/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment.ipynb) | This script shows how to use the `PPOTrainer` to fine-tune a sentiment analysis model using IMDB dataset |
+| [`examples/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment.ipynb`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment.ipynb) | This notebook demonstrates how to reproduce the GPT2 imdb sentiment tuning example on a jupyter notebook. |
+| [`examples/notebooks/gpt2-control.ipynb`](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/notebooks/gpt2-control.ipynb)   [![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/sentiment/notebooks/gpt2-sentiment-control.ipynb) | This notebook demonstrates how to reproduce the GPT2 sentiment control example on a jupyter notebook. |
 
 ## Usage
 
@@ -30,7 +26,6 @@ python examples/scripts/ppo.py --log_with wandb --mini_batch_size 1 --gradient_a
 
 Note: if you don't want to log with `wandb` remove `log_with="wandb"` in the scripts/notebooks. You can also replace it with your favourite experiment tracker that's [supported by `accelerate`](https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/tracking).
 
+## Few notes on multi-GPU
 
-## Few notes on multi-GPU 
-
-To run in multi-GPU setup with DDP (distributed Data Parallel) change the `device_map` value to `device_map={"": Accelerator().process_index}` and make sure to run your script with `accelerate launch yourscript.py`. If you want to apply naive pipeline parallelism you can use `device_map="auto"`.
+To run in multi-GPU setup with DDP (distributed Data Parallel) change the `device_map` value to `device_map={"": Accelerator().process_index}` and make sure to run your script with `accelerate launch yourscript.py`. If you want to apply naive pipeline parallelism you can use `device_map="auto"`.

docs/source/sft_trainer.md

@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ $$
 where  \\( y_t \\) is the target token at timestep  \\( t \\), and the model is trained to predict the next token given the previous ones. In practice, padding tokens are masked out during loss computation.
 
 > [!TIP]
-> 
 > [On the Generalization of SFT: A Reinforcement Learning Perspective with Reward Rectification](https://huggingface.co/papers/2508.05629) proposes an alternative loss function, called **Dynamic Fine-Tuning (DFT)**, which aims to improve generalization by rectifying the reward signal. This method can be enabled by setting `loss_type="dft"` in the [`SFTConfig`]. For more details, see [Paper Index - Dynamic Fine-Tuning](paper_index#on-the-generalization-of-sft-a-reinforcement-learning-perspective-with-reward-rectification).
 
 ### Label shifting and masking

docs/source/speeding_up_training.md

@@ -48,11 +48,13 @@ You can customize the server configuration by passing additional arguments. For
 > When using vLLM, ensure that the GPUs assigned for training and generation are separate to avoid resource conflicts. For instance, if you plan to use 4 GPUs for training and another 4 for vLLM generation, you can specify GPU allocation using `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES`.  
 >
 > Set GPUs **0-3** for vLLM generation:  
+>
 > ```sh
 > CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 trl vllm-serve --model <model_name>
 > ```  
 >
-> And GPUs **4-7** for training:  
+> And GPUs **4-7** for training:
+>
 > ```sh
 > CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=4,5,6,7 accelerate launch train.py
 > ```
@@ -79,12 +81,14 @@ You can customize the server configuration by passing additional arguments. For
 > [!WARNING]
 > When using vLLM, ensure that the GPUs assigned for training and generation are separate to avoid resource conflicts. For instance, if you plan to use 4 GPUs for training and another 4 for vLLM generation, you can specify GPU allocation using `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES`.  
 >
-> Set GPUs **0-3** for vLLM generation:  
+> Set GPUs **0-3** for vLLM generation:
+>
 > ```sh
 > CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 trl vllm-serve --model <model_name>
 > ```  
 >
-> And GPUs **4-7** for training:  
+> And GPUs **4-7** for training:
+>
 > ```sh
 > CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=4,5,6,7 accelerate launch train.py
 > ```

docs/source/using_llama_models.md

@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-# Using LLaMA models with TRL
-
-We've begun rolling out examples to use Meta's LLaMA models in `trl` (see [Meta's LLaMA release](https://ai.facebook.com/blog/large-language-model-llama-meta-ai/) for the original LLaMA model).
-
-## Efficient training strategies
-
-Even training the smallest LLaMA model requires an enormous amount of memory. Some quick math: in bf16, every parameter uses 2 bytes (in fp32 4 bytes) in addition to 8 bytes used, e.g., in the Adam optimizer (see the [performance docs](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/perf_train_gpu_one#optimizer) in Transformers for more info). So a 7B parameter model would use `(2+8)*7B=70GB` just to fit in memory and would likely need more when you compute intermediate values such as attention scores. So you couldn’t train the model even on a single 80GB A100 like that. You can use some tricks, like more efficient optimizers of half-precision training, to squeeze a bit more into memory, but you’ll run out sooner or later.
-
-Another option is to use Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, such as the [`peft`](https://github.com/huggingface/peft) library, which can perform low-rank adaptation (LoRA) on a model loaded in 8-bit.
-For more on `peft` + `trl`, see the [Peft integration](peft_integration) docs.
-
-Loading the model in 8bit reduces the memory footprint drastically since you only need one byte per parameter for the weights (e.g. 7B LlaMa is 7GB in memory).
-Instead of training the original weights directly, LoRA adds small adapter layers on top of some specific layers (usually the attention layers); thus, the number of trainable parameters is drastically reduced.
-
-In this scenario, a rule of thumb is to allocate ~1.2-1.4GB per billion parameters (depending on the batch size and sequence length) to fit the entire fine-tuning setup.
-This enables fine-tuning larger models (up to 50-60B scale models on a NVIDIA A100 80GB) at low cost.
-
-Now we can fit very large models into a single GPU, but the training might still be very slow.
-The simplest strategy in this scenario is data parallelism: we replicate the same training setup into separate GPUs and pass different batches to each GPU.
-With this, you can parallelize the forward/backward passes of the model and scale with the number of GPUs.
-
-![chapter10_ddp.png](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/chapter10_ddp.png)
-
-We use either the `transformers.Trainer` or `accelerate`, which both support data parallelism without any code changes, by simply passing arguments when calling the scripts with `torchrun` or `accelerate launch`. The following runs a training script with 8 GPUs on a single machine with `accelerate` and `torchrun`, respectively.
-
-```bash
-accelerate launch --multi_gpu --num_machines 1  --num_processes 8 my_accelerate_script.py
-torchrun --nnodes 1  --nproc_per_node 8 my_torch_script.py
-```
-
-## Supervised fine-tuning
-
-Before we start training reward models and tuning our model with RL, it helps if the model is already good in the domain we are interested in.
-In our case, we want it to answer questions, while for other use cases, we might want it to follow instructions, in which case instruction tuning is a great idea.
-The easiest way to achieve this is by continuing to train the language model with the language modeling objective on texts from the domain or task.
-The [StackExchange dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceH4/stack-exchange-preferences) is enormous (over 10 million instructions), so we can easily train the language model on a subset of it.
-
-There is nothing special about fine-tuning the model before doing RLHF - it’s just the causal language modeling objective from pretraining that we apply here.
-To use the data efficiently, we use a technique called packing: instead of having one text per sample in the batch and then padding to either the longest text or the maximal context of the model, we concatenate a lot of texts with an EOS token in between and cut chunks of the context size to fill the batch without any padding.
-
-![chapter10_preprocessing-clm.png](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/chapter10_preprocessing-clm.png)
-
-With this approach the training is much more efficient as each token that is passed through the model is also trained in contrast to padding tokens which are usually masked from the loss.
-If you don't have much data and are more concerned about occasionally cutting off some tokens that are overflowing the context you can also use a classical data loader.
-
-
-```python
-# load model in 8bit
-model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
-        args.model_path,
-        load_in_8bit=True,
-        device_map={"": Accelerator().local_process_index}
-    )
-model = prepare_model_for_kbit_training(model)
-
-# add LoRA to model
-lora_config = LoraConfig(
-    r=16,
-    lora_alpha=32,
-    lora_dropout=0.05,
-    bias="none",
-    task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
-)
-
-model = get_peft_model(model, config)
-```
-
-We train the model for a few thousand steps with the causal language modeling objective and save the model.
-Since we will tune the model again with different objectives, we merge the adapter weights with the original model weights.
-
-**Disclaimer:** due to LLaMA's license, we release only the adapter weights for this and the model checkpoints in the following sections.
-You can apply for access to the base model's weights by filling out Meta AI's [form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfqNECQnMkycAp2jP4Z9TFX0cGR4uf7b_fBxjY_OjhJILlKGA/viewform) and then converting them to the 🤗 Transformers format by running this [script](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/main/src/transformers/models/llama/convert_llama_weights_to_hf.py).
-Note that you'll also need to install 🤗 Transformers from source until the `v4.28` is released.
-
-Now that we have fine-tuned the model for the task, we are ready to train a reward model.
-
-## Reward modeling and human preferences
-
-In principle, we could fine-tune the model using RLHF directly with the human annotations.
-However, this would require us to send some samples to humans for rating after each optimization iteration.
-This is expensive and slow due to the number of training samples needed for convergence and the inherent latency of human reading and annotator speed.
-
-A trick that works well instead of direct feedback is training a reward model on human annotations collected before the RL loop.
-The goal of the reward model is to imitate how a human would rate a text. There are several possible strategies to build a reward model: the most straightforward way would be to predict the annotation (e.g. a rating score or a binary value for “good”/”bad”).
-In practice, what works better is to predict the ranking of two examples, where the reward model is presented with two candidates `(y_k, y_j)` for a given prompt `x` and has to predict which one would be rated higher by a human annotator.
-
-With the StackExchange dataset, we can infer which of the two answers was preferred by the users based on the score.
-With that information and the loss defined above, we can then modify the `transformers.Trainer` by adding a custom loss function.
-
-```python
-class RewardTrainer(Trainer):
-    def compute_loss(self, model, inputs, return_outputs=False):
-        rewards_j = model(input_ids=inputs["input_ids_j"],  attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask_j"])[0]
-        rewards_k = model(input_ids=inputs["input_ids_k"], attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask_k"])[0]
-        loss = -nn.functional.logsigmoid(rewards_j - rewards_k).mean()
-        if return_outputs:
-            return loss, {"rewards_j": rewards_j, "rewards_k": rewards_k}
-        return loss
-```
-
-We utilize a subset of a 100,000 pair of candidates and evaluate on a held-out set of 50,000. With a modest training batch size of 4, we train the Llama model using the LoRA `peft` adapter for a single epoch using the Adam optimizer with BF16 precision. Our LoRA configuration is:
-
-```python
-peft_config = LoraConfig(
-    task_type=TaskType.SEQ_CLS,
-    inference_mode=False,
-    r=8,
-    lora_alpha=32,
-    lora_dropout=0.1,
-)
-```
-As detailed in the next section, the resulting adapter can be merged into the frozen model and saved for further downstream use.
-
-## Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
-
-With the fine-tuned language model and the reward model at hand, we are now ready to run the RL loop. It follows roughly three steps:
-
-1. Generate responses from prompts,
-2. Rate the responses with the reward model,
-3. Run a reinforcement learning policy-optimization step with the ratings.
-
-The Query and Response prompts are templated as follows before being tokenized and passed to the model:
-
-```bash
-Question: <Query>
-
-Answer: <Response>
-```
-
-The same template was used for SFT, RM and RLHF stages.
-Once more, we utilize `peft` for memory-efficient training, which offers an extra advantage in the RLHF context.
-Here, the reference model and policy share the same base, the SFT model, which we load in 8-bit and freeze during training.
-We exclusively optimize the policy's LoRA weights using PPO while sharing the base model's weights.
-
-```python
-for epoch, batch in tqdm(enumerate(ppo_trainer.dataloader)):
-    question_tensors = batch["input_ids"]
-
-	# sample from the policy and to generate responses
-    response_tensors = ppo_trainer.generate(
-        question_tensors,
-        return_prompt=False,
-        length_sampler=output_length_sampler,
-        **generation_kwargs,
-    )
-    batch["response"] = tokenizer.batch_decode(response_tensors, skip_special_tokens=True)
-
-    # Compute sentiment score
-    texts = [q + r for q, r in zip(batch["query"], batch["response"])]
-    pipe_outputs = sentiment_pipe(texts, **sent_kwargs)
-    rewards = [torch.tensor(output[0]["score"] - script_args.reward_baseline) for output in pipe_outputs]
-
-    # Run PPO step
-    stats = ppo_trainer.step(question_tensors, response_tensors, rewards)
-	# Log stats to Wandb
-    ppo_trainer.log_stats(stats, batch, rewards)
-```
-
-For the rest of the details and evaluation, please refer to our [blog post on StackLLaMA](https://huggingface.co/blog/stackllama).

docs/source/vllm_integration.md

@@ -7,14 +7,13 @@ This document will guide you through the process of using vLLM with TRL for fast
 
 > [!TIP]
 > The following trainers currently support generation with vLLM:
-> 
+>
 > - [`GRPOTrainer`]
 > - [`OnlineDPOTrainer`]
 > - [`NashMDTrainer`]
 > - [`XPOTrainer`]
 > - [`RLOOTrainer`]
 
-
 ## 🚀 How can I use vLLM with TRL to speed up training?
 
 💡 **Note**: Resources required for this specific example: a single node with 8 GPUs.
@@ -235,16 +234,16 @@ Separately, the number of completions to generate per prompt is controlled by th
 
 ### 🥸 More detail on what happens under the hood when running the server
 
-* The vLLM server starts by running the command: `trl vllm-serve --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B`.
-* Once the server is running, it generates completions based on requests from the client (trainer) using `vllm_client.generate` [here](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/cc044e35b285be7dc062764b3364e1e684db4c7c/trl/trainer/grpo_trainer.py#L1025-L1035).
-* The client (trainer) then requests these completions from the server.
-* These completions are used to compute the reward signal.
-* Based on the reward signal and the model’s output, the loss is computed, and the backward pass is performed to update the model’s weights.
-* **Note**: The server only handles completion generation — it doesn’t train the model. Therefore, the model’s weights aren’t updated on the server. Once the backward pass is complete, the client sends the updated weights to the server using `vllm_client.update_named_param(name, param.data)`.
+- The vLLM server starts by running the command: `trl vllm-serve --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B`.
+- Once the server is running, it generates completions based on requests from the client (trainer) using `vllm_client.generate` [these lines](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/blob/cc044e35b285be7dc062764b3364e1e684db4c7c/trl/trainer/grpo_trainer.py#L1025-L1035).
+- The client (trainer) then requests these completions from the server.
+- These completions are used to compute the reward signal.
+- Based on the reward signal and the model’s output, the loss is computed, and the backward pass is performed to update the model’s weights.
+- **Note**: The server only handles completion generation — it doesn’t train the model. Therefore, the model’s weights aren’t updated on the server. Once the backward pass is complete, the client sends the updated weights to the server using `vllm_client.update_named_param(name, param.data)`.
 
 When using vLLM, ensure the GPUs assigned for training and generation are separate to avoid NCCL communication conflicts. If you do not set the `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES` environment variable, the training script will use all available GPUs by default, which may lead to device conflicts. Starting from TRL next release after v0.19.1, the code automatically detects and prevents same-device usage, raising a error at the vllm server process:
 
-```
+```log
 RuntimeError: Attempting to use the same CUDA device for multiple distinct roles/ranks within the same communicator. 
 Ensure that trainer is using different devices than vLLM server.
 ```
@@ -307,23 +306,23 @@ options:
 
 ### 💆🏻‍♀️ What's the best distributed setup?
 
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/tp_dp_throughput_8_gpus.png)
-![](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/tp_dp_throughput_4_gpus.png)
+![tp dp throughput 8 gpus](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/tp_dp_throughput_8_gpus.png)
+![tp dp throughput 4 gpus](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/tp_dp_throughput_4_gpus.png)
 
 First and foremost, always remember that the optimal setup depends on:
 
-* The model size
-* The number of GPUs you have
-* The GPU memory size
-* The batch size you are using
-* The number of requests you are sending to the server (prompts)
-* The `max_model_len` you are using (this is the max length of the input sequence that the model can process, a.k.a. the context window size)
-* The number of completions you are generating for each request (`num_generations`)
+- The model size
+- The number of GPUs you have
+- The GPU memory size
+- The batch size you are using
+- The number of requests you are sending to the server (prompts)
+- The `max_model_len` you are using (this is the max length of the input sequence that the model can process, a.k.a. the context window size)
+- The number of completions you are generating for each request (`num_generations`)
 
 Given these factors, our experiments on the Qwen model family (3B, 7B, 14B, 32B) using 8 H100 GPUs show that:
 
-* For reasonable-sized models (3B–14B) and a moderate context window (`max_len < 8k`), using full capacity for data parallelism gives better throughput. The setup `(tp=1, dp=8)` yields the best results.
-* For larger models (32B) and longer context windows (`max_len > 8k`), a smaller DP size combined with some model-side parallelism performs better. For example, `(tp=2, dp=4)` is a good setup for 32B models with a larger context window.
+- For reasonable-sized models (3B–14B) and a moderate context window (`max_len < 8k`), using full capacity for data parallelism gives better throughput. The setup `(tp=1, dp=8)` yields the best results.
+- For larger models (32B) and longer context windows (`max_len > 8k`), a smaller DP size combined with some model-side parallelism performs better. For example, `(tp=2, dp=4)` is a good setup for 32B models with a larger context window.
 
 ### vLLM with Transformers Backend
 
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ For more details, check out [vLLM Transformers Backend](https://blog.vllm.ai/202
 
 Example:
 
-```
+```sh
 CUDA_DEVICE_ORDER=PCI_BUS_ID CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 trl vllm-serve --model Qwen/Qwen
 2.5-VL-3B-Instruct --tensor-parallel-size 1 --port 8000 --enforce_eager --vllm_model_impl transformers
 ```
@@ -496,7 +495,5 @@ training_args = RLOOConfig(
 > [!WARNING]
 > Check the documentation of the trainer you are using for specific details on vLLM usage and parameters.
 
-
 > [!WARNING]
 > To reduce GPU memory usage when running vLLM, consider [enabling vLLM sleep mode](reducing_memory_usage#vllm-sleep-mode).
-

docs/source/xpo_trainer.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # XPO Trainer
 
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-XPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=xpo,trl)
+[![model badge](https://img.shields.io/badge/All_models-XPO-blue)](https://huggingface.co/models?other=xpo,trl)
 
 ## Overview
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ To see how the [trained model](https://huggingface.co/trl-lib/Qwen2-0.5B-XPO) pe
 What is the best programming language?
 
 <strong><span style="color: blue;">&lt;trl-lib/Qwen2-0.5B-XPO&gt;:</span></strong>
-The best programming language depends on individual preferences and familiarity with coding concepts. Some popular languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. 
+The best programming language depends on individual preferences and familiarity with coding concepts. Some popular languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript.
 </code></pre>
 
 ## Expected dataset type
@@ -148,7 +148,6 @@ While training and evaluating we record the following reward metrics:
 * `alpha`: The weight of the XPO loss term. Typically fixed, but can be made dynamic by passing a list to [`XPOConfig`].
 * `beta`: The parameter that controls the weight of the loss term representing the deviation from the reference model. Typically fixed, but can be made dynamic by passing a list to [`XPOConfig`].
 
-
 ## XPOTrainer
 
 [[autodoc]] XPOTrainer

examples/README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Examples
 
-Please check out https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/example_overview for documentation on our examples.
+Please check out https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/example_overview for documentation on our examples.

examples/notebooks/grpo_qwen3_vl.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+{
+  "cells": [
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "-J8iGzLf4rUJ"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "# GRPO Qwen3-VL with QLoRA using TRL\n",
+        "\n",
+        "[![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/trl/blob/main/examples/notebooks/grpo_qwen3_vl.ipynb)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "![trl banner](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trl-lib/documentation-images/resolve/main/trl_banner_dark.png)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "With [**Transformers Reinforcement Learning (TRL)**](https://github.com/huggingface/trl), you can fine-tune cutting edge vision language models. It comes with support for quantized parameter efficient fine-tuning technique **QLoRA**, so we can use free Colab (T4 GPU) to fine-tune models like [Qwen3-VL](https://huggingface.co/collections/Qwen/qwen3-vl-68d2a7c1b8a8afce4ebd2dbe).\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "- [TRL GitHub Repository](https://github.com/huggingface/trl) — star us to support the project!  \n",
+        "- [Official TRL Examples](https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/example_overview)  \n",
+        "- [Community Tutorials](https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/community_tutorials)\n",
+        "- [More Qwen3-VL Fine-tuning Examples (including TRL scripts)](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen3-VL/tree/main/qwen-vl-finetune/)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "NvrzGRnu48Vz"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Install dependencies\n",
+        "\n",
+        "We'll install **TRL** with the **PEFT** extra, which ensures all main dependencies such as **Transformers** and **PEFT** (a package for parameter-efficient fine-tuning, e.g., LoRA/QLoRA) are included. Additionally, we'll install **trackio** to log and monitor our experiments, and **bitsandbytes** to enable quantization of LLMs, reducing memory consumption for both inference and training."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "8CfZlUevmkg7"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "!pip install -Uq \"trl[peft]\" bitsandbytes trackio math_verify"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "gpzI6omi7728"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### Log in to Hugging Face\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Log in to your **Hugging Face** account to save your fine-tuned model, track your experiment results directly on the Hub or access gated models. You can find your **access token** on your [account settings page](https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens)."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "4Ncx0wYtnYCW"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from huggingface_hub import notebook_login\n",
+        "\n",
+        "notebook_login()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "V_Zylc4t79-n"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Load dataset\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "We'll load the [**lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified) dataset from the Hugging Face Hub using the `datasets` library.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "This dataset contains maths problems with the image representing the problem,  along with the solution in thinking format specially tailored for VLMs. By training our model with this dataset, it'll improve its maths and thinking reasoning.\n"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "TzXogU24F_QR"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from datasets import load_dataset\n",
+        "\n",
+        "dataset_id = 'lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified'\n",
+        "train_dataset = load_dataset(dataset_id, split='train[:5%]')"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "gVV7RoRN8zk5"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "In addition to the `problem` and `image` columns, we also include a custom system prompt to tell the model how we'd like the generation.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The system prompt is extracted from DeepSeek R1. Refer to [this previous recipe](https://huggingface.co/learn/cookbook/fine_tuning_llm_grpo_trl) for more details.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "We convert the dataset samples into conversation samples, including the system prompt and one image and problem description per sample, since this is how the GRPO trainer expects them.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "We also set `padding_side=\"left\"` to ensure that generated completions during training are concatenated directly after the prompt, which is essential for GRPO to correctly compare token-level probabilities between preferred and rejected responses."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "ZT1JfiiTGExB"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from transformers import AutoProcessor\n",
+        "\n",
+        "model_name = \"Qwen/Qwen3-VL-4B-Instruct\" # \"Qwen/Qwen3-VL-8B-Instruct\"\n",
+        "processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name, padding_side=\"left\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "SYSTEM_PROMPT = (\n",
+        "    \"You are a helpful AI Assistant that provides well-reasoned and detailed responses. \"\n",
+        "    \"You first think about the reasoning process as an internal monologue and then provide the user with the answer. \"\n",
+        "    \"Respond in the following format: <think>\\n...\\n</think>\\n<answer>\\n...\\n</answer>\"\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "def make_conversation(example):\n",
+        "    conversation = [\n",
+        "        {\n",
+        "            \"role\": \"system\",\n",
+        "            \"content\": [{\"type\": \"text\", \"text\": SYSTEM_PROMPT}],\n",
+        "        },\n",
+        "        {\n",
+        "            \"role\": \"user\",\n",
+        "            \"content\": [\n",
+        "                {\"type\": \"image\", \"image\": example[\"image\"]},\n",
+        "                {\"type\": \"text\", \"text\": example[\"problem\"]},\n",
+        "            ],\n",
+        "        },\n",
+        "    ]\n",
+        "    prompt = processor.apply_chat_template(conversation, add_generation_prompt=True)\n",
+        "    return {\n",
+        "        \"prompt\": prompt,\n",
+        "        \"image\": example[\"image\"],\n",
+        "    }\n",
+        "\n",
+        "train_dataset = train_dataset.map(make_conversation)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "5txAuMAa8ock"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "Let's review one example to understand the internal structure:"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "PDXQd5Jk2Bqe"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "train_dataset[0]"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "hzSR_56wxKDA"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "train_dataset = train_dataset.remove_columns(['problem', 'original_question', 'original_answer'])"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "T9rCkeqDODba"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "train_dataset[0]"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "YY3uMp909Eqy"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Load model and configure LoRA/QLoRA\n",
+        "\n",
+        "This notebook can be used with two fine-tuning methods. By default, it is set up for **QLoRA**, which includes quantization using `BitsAndBytesConfig`. If you prefer to use standard **LoRA** without quantization, simply comment out the `BitsAndBytesConfig` configuration."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "gt05dgXgm9QR"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from transformers import Qwen3VLForConditionalGeneration, BitsAndBytesConfig\n",
+        "import torch\n",
+        "\n",
+        "model = Qwen3VLForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(\n",
+        "    model_name, dtype=\"auto\",\n",
+        "    device_map=\"auto\",\n",
+        "    quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig(\n",
+        "        load_in_4bit=True,\n",
+        "        bnb_4bit_use_double_quant=True,\n",
+        "        bnb_4bit_quant_type=\"nf4\",\n",
+        "        bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=torch.float16\n",
+        "    ),\n",
+        ")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "WZGf-GF09Gsc"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "The following cell defines LoRA (or QLoRA if needed). When training with LoRA/QLoRA, we use a **base model** (the one selected above) and, instead of modifying its original weights, we fine-tune a **LoRA adapter** — a lightweight layer that enables efficient and memory-friendly training. The **`target_modules`** specify which parts of the model (e.g., attention or projection layers) will be adapted by LoRA during fine-tuning."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "ME1im5gh2LFg"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from peft import LoraConfig\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# You may need to update `target_modules` depending on the architecture of your chosen model.\n",
+        "# For example, different VLMs might have different attention/projection layer names.\n",
+        "peft_config = LoraConfig(\n",
+        "    r=8,\n",
+        "    lora_alpha=32,\n",
+        "    lora_dropout=0.1,\n",
+        "    target_modules=[\"q_proj\", \"v_proj\"],\n",
+        ")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "mDq4V6dN9MGk"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Train model\n",
+        "\n",
+        "We'll configure **GRPO** using `GRPOConfig`, keeping the parameters minimal so the training fits on a free Colab instance. You can adjust these settings if more resources are available. For full details on all available parameters, check the [TRL GRPOConfig documentation](https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/sft_trainer#trl.GRPOConfig).\n",
+        "\n",
+        "First, we need to define the rewards functions that the training algorithm will use to improve the model. In this case, we'll include two reward functions.\n",
+        "We'll use a format reward that will reward the model when the output includes `<think>` and `<answer>` tags and additionally a length-based reward to discourage overthinking. Both functions have been extracted from [here](https://github.com/huggingface/open-r1/blob/main/src/open_r1/rewards.py)."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "Dqp3TfUwHUxW"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "import re\n",
+        "\n",
+        "def format_reward(completions, **kwargs):\n",
+        "    \"\"\"Reward function that checks if the reasoning process is enclosed within <think> and </think> tags, while the final answer is enclosed within <answer> and </answer> tags.\"\"\"\n",
+        "    pattern = r\"^<think>\\n.*?\\n</think>\\n<answer>\\n.*?\\n</answer>$\"\n",
+        "    matches = [re.match(pattern, content, re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE) for content in completions]\n",
+        "    return [1.0 if match else 0.0 for match in matches]"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "rxNPUp7RBFcz"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from math_verify import LatexExtractionConfig, parse, verify\n",
+        "from latex2sympy2_extended import NormalizationConfig\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "def len_reward(completions, solution, **kwargs) -> float:\n",
+        "    \"\"\"Compute length-based rewards to discourage overthinking and promote token efficiency.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    Taken from the Kimi 1.5 tech report: https://huggingface.co/papers/2501.12599\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    Args:\n",
+        "        completions: List of model completions\n",
+        "        solution: List of ground truth solutions\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    Returns:\n",
+        "        List of rewards where:\n",
+        "        - For correct answers: reward = 0.5 - (len - min_len)/(max_len - min_len)\n",
+        "        - For incorrect answers: reward = min(0, 0.5 - (len - min_len)/(max_len - min_len))\n",
+        "    \"\"\"\n",
+        "    contents = completions\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # First check correctness of answers\n",
+        "    correctness = []\n",
+        "    for content, sol in zip(contents, solution):\n",
+        "        gold_parsed = parse(\n",
+        "            sol,\n",
+        "            extraction_mode=\"first_match\",\n",
+        "            extraction_config=[LatexExtractionConfig()],\n",
+        "        )\n",
+        "        if len(gold_parsed) == 0:\n",
+        "            # Skip unparseable examples\n",
+        "            correctness.append(True)  # Treat as correct to avoid penalizing\n",
+        "            print(\"Failed to parse gold solution: \", sol)\n",
+        "            continue\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        answer_parsed = parse(\n",
+        "            content,\n",
+        "            extraction_config=[\n",
+        "                LatexExtractionConfig(\n",
+        "                    normalization_config=NormalizationConfig(\n",
+        "                        nits=False,\n",
+        "                        malformed_operators=False,\n",
+        "                        basic_latex=True,\n",
+        "                        equations=True,\n",
+        "                        boxed=True,\n",
+        "                        units=True,\n",
+        "                    ),\n",
+        "                    boxed_match_priority=0,\n",
+        "                    try_extract_without_anchor=False,\n",
+        "                )\n",
+        "            ],\n",
+        "            extraction_mode=\"first_match\",\n",
+        "        )\n",
+        "        correctness.append(verify(answer_parsed, gold_parsed))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # Calculate lengths\n",
+        "    lengths = [len(content) for content in contents]\n",
+        "    min_len = min(lengths)\n",
+        "    max_len = max(lengths)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # If all responses have the same length, return zero rewards\n",
+        "    if max_len == min_len:\n",
+        "        return [0.0] * len(completions)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    rewards = []\n",
+        "    for length, is_correct in zip(lengths, correctness):\n",
+        "        lambda_val = 0.5 - (length - min_len) / (max_len - min_len)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        if is_correct:\n",
+        "            reward = lambda_val\n",
+        "        else:\n",
+        "            reward = min(0, lambda_val)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        rewards.append(float(reward))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    return rewards\n"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "9xBL7Rni9LZb"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "After defining the reward function(s), we can define the `GRPOConfig`."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "OEmRM0rIHXQ4"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from trl import GRPOConfig\n",
+        "\n",
+        "output_dir = \"Qwen3-VL-4B-Instruct-trl-grpo\"\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Configure training arguments using GRPOConfig\n",
+        "training_args = GRPOConfig(\n",
+        "    learning_rate=2e-5,\n",
+        "    #num_train_epochs=1,\n",
+        "    max_steps=100,                                        # Number of dataset passes. For full trainings, use `num_train_epochs` instead\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # Parameters that control the data preprocessing\n",
+        "    per_device_train_batch_size=2,\n",
+        "    max_completion_length=1024, # default: 256            # Max completion length produced during training\n",
+        "    num_generations=2, # 2, # default: 8                  # Number of generations produced during trainig for comparison\n",
+        "    max_prompt_length=2048, # default: 512                # Max prompt lenght of the input prompt used for generation during training\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    fp16=True,\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # Parameters related to reporting and saving\n",
+        "    output_dir=output_dir,                                # Where to save model checkpoints and logs\n",
+        "    logging_steps=1,                                      # Log training metrics every N steps\n",
+        "    report_to=\"trackio\",                                  # Experiment tracking tool\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # Hub integration\n",
+        "    push_to_hub=True,\n",
+        "    log_completions=True\n",
+        ")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "O0q3myQg927v"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "Configure the GRPO Trainer. We pass the previously configured `training_args`. We don't use eval dataset to maintain memory usage low but you can configure it."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "z5JxkmS9HqD5",
+        "outputId": "2b39338e-2194-4829-fc54-5e286566fd28"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "name": "stderr",
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "text": [
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages/peft/mapping_func.py:73: UserWarning: You are trying to modify a model with PEFT for a second time. If you want to reload the model with a different config, make sure to call `.unload()` before.\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n",
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages/peft/tuners/tuners_utils.py:196: UserWarning: Already found a `peft_config` attribute in the model. This will lead to having multiple adapters in the model. Make sure to know what you are doing!\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "from trl import GRPOTrainer\n",
+        "\n",
+        "trainer = GRPOTrainer(\n",
+        "    model=model,\n",
+        "    reward_funcs=[format_reward, len_reward],\n",
+        "    args=training_args,\n",
+        "    train_dataset=train_dataset,\n",
+        "    peft_config=peft_config,\n",
+        ")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "kQC7Q5kg95xq"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "Show memory stats before training"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "naG_7qlYyBP6"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "gpu_stats = torch.cuda.get_device_properties(0)\n",
+        "start_gpu_memory = round(torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved() / 1024 / 1024 / 1024, 3)\n",
+        "max_memory = round(gpu_stats.total_memory / 1024 / 1024 / 1024, 3)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "print(f\"GPU = {gpu_stats.name}. Max memory = {max_memory} GB.\")\n",
+        "print(f\"{start_gpu_memory} GB of memory reserved.\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "YazYtLAe97Dc"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "And train!"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "pbJXrhA0ywra"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "trainer_stats = trainer.train()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "SmcYN5yW99IP"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "Show memory stats after training"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "TrrwP4ADMmrp"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "used_memory = round(torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved() / 1024 / 1024 / 1024, 3)\n",
+        "used_memory_for_lora = round(used_memory - start_gpu_memory, 3)\n",
+        "used_percentage = round(used_memory / max_memory * 100, 3)\n",
+        "lora_percentage = round(used_memory_for_lora / max_memory * 100, 3)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "print(f\"{trainer_stats.metrics['train_runtime']} seconds used for training.\")\n",
+        "print(f\"{round(trainer_stats.metrics['train_runtime']/60, 2)} minutes used for training.\")\n",
+        "print(f\"Peak reserved memory = {used_memory} GB.\")\n",
+        "print(f\"Peak reserved memory for training = {used_memory_for_lora} GB.\")\n",
+        "print(f\"Peak reserved memory % of max memory = {used_percentage} %.\")\n",
+        "print(f\"Peak reserved memory for training % of max memory = {lora_percentage} %.\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "saarW87Y9_-R"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Saving fine tuned model\n",
+        "\n",
+        "In this step, we save the fine-tuned model both **locally** and to the **Hugging Face Hub** using the credentials from your account."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "71A8aqEyyETA"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "trainer.save_model(output_dir)\n",
+        "trainer.push_to_hub(dataset_name=dataset_id)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "nfqvO0qw-OvS"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Load the fine-tuned model and run inference\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Now, let's test our fine-tuned model by loading the **LoRA/QLoRA adapter** and performing **inference**. We'll start by loading the **base model**, then attach the adapter to it, creating the final fine-tuned model ready for evaluation."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "R8T2uFQVyFeH"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from transformers import Qwen3VLForConditionalGeneration, AutoProcessor\n",
+        "from peft import PeftModel\n",
+        "\n",
+        "base_model = model_name\n",
+        "adapter_model = f\"{output_dir}\" # Replace with your HF username or organization\n",
+        "\n",
+        "model = Qwen3VLForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(base_model, dtype=\"auto\", device_map=\"auto\")\n",
+        "model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(model, adapter_model)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(base_model)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "dPBHP0CpLa6K"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "train_dataset[0]"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "cG5-ccGRyHgo"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from datasets import load_dataset\n",
+        "\n",
+        "dataset_id = 'lmms-lab/multimodal-open-r1-8k-verified'\n",
+        "train_dataset = load_dataset(dataset_id, split='train[:5%]')\n",
+        "\n",
+        "problem = train_dataset[0]['problem']\n",
+        "image = train_dataset[0]['image']\n",
+        "\n",
+        "messages = [\n",
+        "    {\n",
+        "        \"role\": \"system\", \"content\": [\n",
+        "            {\"type\": \"text\", \"text\": SYSTEM_PROMPT}\n",
+        "        ]\n",
+        "    },\n",
+        "    {\n",
+        "        \"role\": \"user\",\n",
+        "        \"content\": [\n",
+        "            {\"type\": \"image\", \"image\": image},\n",
+        "            {\"type\": \"text\", \"text\": problem},\n",
+        "        ],\n",
+        "    },\n",
+        "]"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "r_70q_8lLgfV"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "messages"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "PX92MjqlyIwB"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "inputs = processor.apply_chat_template(\n",
+        "    messages,\n",
+        "    tokenize=True,\n",
+        "    add_generation_prompt=True,\n",
+        "    return_dict=True,\n",
+        "    return_tensors=\"pt\"\n",
+        ").to(model.device)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Inference: Generation of the output\n",
+        "generated_ids = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=500)\n",
+        "generated_ids_trimmed = [\n",
+        "    out_ids[len(in_ids) :] for in_ids, out_ids in zip(inputs.input_ids, generated_ids)\n",
+        "]\n",
+        "output_text = processor.batch_decode(\n",
+        "    generated_ids_trimmed, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "print(output_text)"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "metadata": {
+    "accelerator": "GPU",
+    "colab": {
+      "gpuType": "T4",
+      "provenance": []
+    },
+    "kernelspec": {
+      "display_name": "Python 3",
+      "name": "python3"
+    },
+    "language_info": {
+      "name": "python"
+    }
+  },
+  "nbformat": 4,
+  "nbformat_minor": 0
+}

examples/research_projects/README.md

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Research projects that use TRL
-
-Welcome to the research projects folder! Here you can find the scripts used for some research projects that used TRL and maintained by the developers and the community (LM de-toxification, Stack-Llama, etc.). Check out the READMEs in the subfolders for more information!
-
-- [De-detoxifying language models](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/research_projects/toxicity)
-- [Stack-Llama](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/research_projects/stack_llama)
-- [Stack-Llama-2](https://github.com/huggingface/trl/tree/main/examples/research_projects/stack_llama_2)

examples/research_projects/layer_skip/README.md

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# LayerSkip Training Recipe
-
-Implements the training recipe as described in the [LayerSkip paper](https://huggingface.co/papers/2404.16710).
-
-## Run training
-```
-cd scripts
-python layer_skip_sft.py
-```
-
-## Run benchmark
-```
-cd scripts
-python benchmark_layer_skip.py
-```

examples/research_projects/layer_skip/scripts/benchmark_layer_skip.py

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import config
-import torch
-from torch.utils import benchmark
-from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
-
-
-def generate_tokens(model, inputs):
-    outputs = model.generate(
-        **inputs,
-        do_sample=False,
-        max_new_tokens=64,
-    )
-    return outputs
-
-
-def generate_tokens_with_assistance(model, inputs, assistant_early_exit):
-    outputs = model.generate(
-        **inputs,
-        assistant_early_exit=assistant_early_exit,
-        do_sample=False,
-        max_new_tokens=64,
-    )
-    return outputs
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    ckpt = config.hub_model_id
-
-    model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(ckpt, device_map="auto", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
-    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(ckpt)
-
-    prompt = "### Instruction: What are my alarms for the rest of the day?\n ### Response: "
-
-    results = []
-    label = "Generation Times"
-    inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
-
-    results.append(
-        benchmark.Timer(
-            stmt="generate_tokens(model, inputs)",
-            setup="from __main__ import generate_tokens",
-            globals={"model": model, "inputs": inputs},
-            num_threads=torch.get_num_threads(),
-            label=label,
-            sub_label="no layer skip",
-            description="generation",
-        ).blocked_autorange()
-    )
-
-    for i in range(1, model.config.num_hidden_layers):
-        results.append(
-            benchmark.Timer(
-                stmt="generate_tokens_with_assistance(model, inputs, assistant_early_exit)",
-                setup="from __main__ import generate_assistant_tokens",
-                globals={"model": model, "assistant_early_exit": i, "inputs": inputs},
-                num_threads=torch.get_num_threads(),
-                label=label,
-                sub_label=f"layer skip {i}",
-                description="generation",
-            ).blocked_autorange()
-        )
-
-    benchmark.Compare(results).print()

examples/research_projects/layer_skip/scripts/custom_trainer.py

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from trl import SFTTrainer
-
-
-class LayerSkipSFTTrainer(SFTTrainer):
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.early_exit_layer = 0  # initialize with 0
-        self.always_last_layer = True
-        self.early_exit_loss_scale = 1.0
-
-    def compute_loss(self, model, inputs, return_outputs=False, num_items_in_batch=None):
-        self.early_exit_layer = (
-            self.early_exit_layer % (model.config.num_hidden_layers - 1)
-        ) + 1  # rotates between [1, num_hidden_layers-1]
-        bs, seqlen = inputs.input_ids.shape
-
-        labels = inputs.pop("labels")
-        outputs = model(**inputs, output_hidden_states=True)
-
-        hidden_state = outputs["hidden_states"][self.early_exit_layer].to(model.dtype)
-        if self.early_exit_layer != model.config.num_hidden_layers:
-            hidden_state = model.model.norm(hidden_state)
-        logits = model.lm_head(hidden_state)
-        loss_early = model.loss_function(logits=logits, labels=labels, vocab_size=model.vocab_size)
-
-        if self.always_last_layer:
-            loss_last = model.loss_function(logits=outputs["logits"], labels=labels, vocab_size=model.vocab_size)
-            loss = self.early_exit_loss_scale * loss_early.to(loss_last.device) + 1.0 * loss_last
-            # normalize loss scales
-            loss = loss / (1.0 + self.early_exit_loss_scale)
-        else:
-            loss = loss_early
-
-        return loss

examples/research_projects/layer_skip/scripts/layer_skip_sft.py

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import config
-import torch
-from custom_trainer import LayerSkipSFTTrainer
-from datasets import load_dataset
-from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
-
-from trl import DataCollatorForCompletionOnlyLM, SFTConfig
-
-
-def formatting_prompts_func(example):
-    text = f"### Instruction: {example['utterance']}\n ### Response: {example['semantic_parse']}"
-
-    # Inject eos_token as a string before tokenization, because they are not always added
-    # See: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/issues/22794 and
-    # https://github.com/huggingface/trl/issues/1623
-    if tokenizer.eos_token:  # usually something like "</s>" for GPT2 or "<|endoftext|>"
-        text += f"{tokenizer.eos_token}"
-
-    return text
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    # load the dataset
-    print("[INFO] loading the dataset...")
-    train_dataset = load_dataset(config.dataset_name, split="train")
-
-    print(f"output_root_dir: {config.output_root_dir}")
-    print(f"hub_model_id: {config.hub_model_id}")
-
-    # load the model and tokenizer
-    print("[INFO] loading the model and tokenizer...")
-    model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(config.model_name, device_map="auto", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
-    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(config.tokenizer_name, add_eos_token=True)
-
-    # adding pad and eos tokens if not provided in the tokenizer
-    if tokenizer.pad_token is None:
-        # Add '[PAD]' token if it doesn't exist
-        tokenizer.add_special_tokens({"pad_token": "[PAD]"})
-        model.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer))
-        model.config.pad_token_id = tokenizer.pad_token_id
-
-    if tokenizer.eos_token is None or tokenizer.eos_token == tokenizer.bos_token:
-        # Add '[EOS]' token if it doesn't exist
-        tokenizer.add_special_tokens({"eos_token": "[EOS]"})
-        model.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer))
-        model.config.eos_token_id = tokenizer.eos_token_id
-
-    response_template = " ### Response:"
-    collator = DataCollatorForCompletionOnlyLM(response_template, tokenizer=tokenizer)
-
-    args = SFTConfig(
-        do_train=True,
-        bf16=True,
-        max_seq_length=None,
-        per_device_train_batch_size=config.per_device_train_batch_size,
-        gradient_accumulation_steps=config.gradient_accumulation_steps,
-        learning_rate=config.learning_rate,
-        packing=False,
-        num_train_epochs=1.0,
-        report_to="none",
-        push_to_hub=True,
-        hub_model_id=config.hub_model_id,
-        output_dir=config.output_dir,
-        save_steps=1000,
-        save_total_limit=2,
-    )
-
-    trainer = LayerSkipSFTTrainer(
-        model,
-        train_dataset=train_dataset,
-        args=args,
-        formatting_func=formatting_prompts_func,
-        data_collator=collator,
-    )
-
-    trainer.train()

examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/README.md

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# RLHF pipeline for the creation of StackLLaMa: a Stack exchange llama-7b model.
-There were three main steps to the training process:
-1. Supervised fine-tuning of the base llama-7b model to create llama-7b-se:
-    - `torchrun --nnodes 1  --nproc_per_node 8 examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/supervised_finetuning.py --model_path=<LLAMA_MODEL_PATH> --streaming --learning_rate 1e-5 --max_steps 5000 --output_dir ./llama-se`
-2. Reward modeling using dialog pairs from the SE dataset using the llama-7b-se to create llama-7b-se-rm:
-    - `torchrun --nnodes 1  --nproc_per_node 8 examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/reward_modeling.py --model_name=<LLAMA_SE_MODEL>`
-3. RL fine-tuning of llama-7b-se with the llama-7b-se-rm reward model:
-    - `accelerate launch --multi_gpu --num_machines 1  --num_processes 8 examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/rl_training.py --log_with=wandb --model_name=<LLAMA_SE_MODEL> --reward_model_name=<LLAMA_SE_RM_MODEL> --adafactor=False --tokenizer_name=<LLAMA_TOKENIZER> --save_freq=100 --output_max_length=128 --batch_size=8 --gradient_accumulation_steps=8 --batched_gen=True --ppo_epochs=4 --seed=0 --learning_rate=1.4e-5 --early_stopping=True --output_dir=llama-se-rl-finetune-128-8-8-1.4e-5_adam`
-
-
-LoRA layers were using at all stages to reduce memory requirements. 
-At each stage the peft adapter layers were merged with the base model, using: 
-```shell
-python examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/merge_peft_adapter.py --adapter_model_name=XXX --base_model_name=YYY --output_name=ZZZ
-```
-Note that this script requires `peft>=0.3.0`.
-
-For access to the base llama-7b model, please see Meta's [release](https://ai.facebook.com/blog/large-language-model-llama-meta-ai/) and [request form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfqNECQnMkycAp2jP4Z9TFX0cGR4uf7b_fBxjY_OjhJILlKGA/viewform).

examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/merge_peft_adapter.py

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Optional
-
-import torch
-from peft import PeftConfig, PeftModel
-from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoTokenizer, HfArgumentParser
-
-
-@dataclass
-class ScriptArguments:
-    """
-    The input names representing the Adapter and Base model fine-tuned with PEFT, and the output name representing the
-    merged model.
-    """
-
-    adapter_model_name: Optional[str] = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "the adapter name"})
-    base_model_name: Optional[str] = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "the base model name"})
-    output_name: Optional[str] = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "the merged model name"})
-
-
-parser = HfArgumentParser(ScriptArguments)
-script_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()[0]
-assert script_args.adapter_model_name is not None, "please provide the name of the Adapter you would like to merge"
-assert script_args.base_model_name is not None, "please provide the name of the Base model"
-assert script_args.output_name is not None, "please provide the output name of the merged model"
-
-peft_config = PeftConfig.from_pretrained(script_args.adapter_model_name)
-if peft_config.task_type == "SEQ_CLS":
-    # The sequence classification task is used for the reward model in PPO
-    model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
-        script_args.base_model_name, num_labels=1, dtype=torch.bfloat16
-    )
-else:
-    model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(script_args.base_model_name, return_dict=True, dtype=torch.bfloat16)
-
-tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(script_args.base_model_name)
-
-# Load the PEFT model
-model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(model, script_args.adapter_model_name)
-model.eval()
-
-model = model.merge_and_unload()
-
-model.save_pretrained(f"{script_args.output_name}")
-tokenizer.save_pretrained(f"{script_args.output_name}")
-model.push_to_hub(f"{script_args.output_name}", use_temp_dir=False)

examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/reward_modeling.py

@@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
-
-import evaluate
-import numpy as np
-import torch
-import torch.nn as nn
-from datasets import load_dataset
-from peft import LoraConfig, TaskType, get_peft_model
-from transformers import (
-    AutoModelForSequenceClassification,
-    AutoTokenizer,
-    HfArgumentParser,
-    PreTrainedTokenizerBase,
-    Trainer,
-    TrainerCallback,
-    TrainingArguments,
-    set_seed,
-)
-from transformers.utils import PaddingStrategy
-
-
-# Define and parse arguments.
-@dataclass
-class ScriptArguments:
-    """
-    These arguments vary depending on how many GPUs you have, what their capacity and features are, and what size model you want to train.
-    """
-
-    local_rank: Optional[int] = field(default=-1, metadata={"help": "Used for multi-gpu"})
-    resume_from_checkpoint: Optional[bool] = field(
-        default=False,
-        metadata={"help": "If you want to resume training where it left off."},
-    )
-    deepspeed: Optional[str] = field(
-        default=None,
-        metadata={
-            "help": "Path to deepspeed config if using deepspeed. You may need this if the model that you want to train doesn't fit on a single GPU."
-        },
-    )
-    per_device_train_batch_size: Optional[int] = field(default=4)
-    per_device_eval_batch_size: Optional[int] = field(default=1)
-    gradient_accumulation_steps: Optional[int] = field(default=1)
-    learning_rate: Optional[float] = field(default=2e-5)
-    weight_decay: Optional[float] = field(default=0.001)
-    model_name: Optional[str] = field(
-        default="gpt2",
-        metadata={
-            "help": "The model that you want to train from the Hugging Face hub. E.g. gpt2, gpt2-xl, bert, etc."
-        },
-    )
-    tokenizer_name: Optional[str] = field(
-        default=None,
-        metadata={
-            "help": "The tokenizer for your model, if left empty will use the default for your model",
-        },
-    )
-    bf16: Optional[bool] = field(
-        default=True,
-        metadata={
-            "help": "This essentially cuts the training time in half if you want to sacrifice a little precision and have a supported GPU."
-        },
-    )
-    num_train_epochs: Optional[int] = field(
-        default=1,
-        metadata={"help": "The number of training epochs for the reward model."},
-    )
-    train_subset: Optional[int] = field(
-        default=100000,
-        metadata={"help": "The size of the subset of the training data to use"},
-    )
-    eval_subset: Optional[int] = field(
-        default=50000,
-        metadata={"help": "The size of the subset of the eval data to use"},
-    )
-    gradient_checkpointing: Optional[bool] = field(
-        default=False,
-        metadata={"help": "Enables gradient checkpointing."},
-    )
-    optim: Optional[str] = field(
-        default="adamw_hf",
-        metadata={"help": "The optimizer to use."},
-    )
-    lr_scheduler_type: Optional[str] = field(
-        default="linear",
-        metadata={"help": "The lr scheduler"},
-    )
-    max_length: Optional[int] = field(default=512)
-    eval_first_step: Optional[bool] = field(
-        default=False,
-        metadata={"help": "Whether to run eval after the first step"},
-    )
-    seed: Optional[int] = field(
-        default=0, metadata={"help": "Random seed that will be set at the beginning of training."}
-    )
-
-
-parser = HfArgumentParser(ScriptArguments)
-script_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()[0]
-set_seed(script_args.seed)
-# Load the human stack-exchange-paired dataset for tuning the reward model.
-train_dataset = load_dataset(
-    "lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired", data_dir="data/reward", split="train", verification_mode="no_checks"
-)
-if script_args.train_subset > 0:
-    train_dataset = train_dataset.select(range(script_args.train_subset))
-eval_dataset = load_dataset(
-    "lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired", data_dir="data/evaluation", split="train", verification_mode="no_checks"
-)
-if script_args.eval_subset > 0:
-    eval_dataset = eval_dataset.select(range(script_args.eval_subset))
-# Define the training args. Needs to be done before the model is loaded if you are using deepspeed.
-model_name_split = script_args.model_name.split("/")[-1]
-output_name = (
-    f"{model_name_split}_peft_stack-exchange-paired_rmts__{script_args.train_subset}_{script_args.learning_rate}"
-)
-
-training_args = TrainingArguments(
-    output_dir=output_name,
-    learning_rate=script_args.learning_rate,
-    per_device_train_batch_size=script_args.per_device_train_batch_size,
-    per_device_eval_batch_size=script_args.per_device_eval_batch_size,
-    num_train_epochs=script_args.num_train_epochs,
-    weight_decay=script_args.weight_decay,
-    eval_strategy="steps",
-    eval_steps=500,
-    save_strategy="steps",
-    save_steps=500,
-    gradient_accumulation_steps=script_args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
-    gradient_checkpointing=script_args.gradient_checkpointing,
-    deepspeed=script_args.deepspeed,
-    local_rank=script_args.local_rank,
-    remove_unused_columns=False,
-    label_names=[],
-    bf16=script_args.bf16,
-    logging_strategy="steps",
-    optim=script_args.optim,
-    lr_scheduler_type=script_args.lr_scheduler_type,
-    seed=script_args.seed,
-)
-
-
-# Load the value-head model and tokenizer.
-tokenizer_name = script_args.tokenizer_name if script_args.tokenizer_name is not None else script_args.model_name
-tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(tokenizer_name, use_auth_token=True)
-tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
-
-
-peft_config = LoraConfig(
-    task_type=TaskType.SEQ_CLS,
-    inference_mode=False,
-    r=8,
-    lora_alpha=32,
-    lora_dropout=0.1,
-)
-
-model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(script_args.model_name, num_labels=1, dtype=torch.bfloat16)
-model = get_peft_model(model, peft_config)
-model.print_trainable_parameters()
-
-# Need to do this for gpt2, because it doesn't have an official pad token.
-tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
-model.config.pad_token_id = tokenizer.eos_token_id
-model.config.use_cache = not script_args.gradient_checkpointing
-num_proc = 24  # Can adjust to be higher if you have more processors.
-original_columns = train_dataset.column_names
-
-
-# Turn the dataset into pairs of post + summaries, where text_j is the preferred question + answer and text_k is the other.
-# Then tokenize the dataset.
-def preprocess_function(examples):
-    new_examples = {
-        "input_ids_j": [],
-        "attention_mask_j": [],
-        "input_ids_k": [],
-        "attention_mask_k": [],
-    }
-    for question, response_j, response_k in zip(examples["question"], examples["response_j"], examples["response_k"]):
-        tokenized_j = tokenizer("Question: " + question + "\n\nAnswer: " + response_j, truncation=True)
-        tokenized_k = tokenizer("Question: " + question + "\n\nAnswer: " + response_k, truncation=True)
-
-        new_examples["input_ids_j"].append(tokenized_j["input_ids"])
-        new_examples["attention_mask_j"].append(tokenized_j["attention_mask"])
-        new_examples["input_ids_k"].append(tokenized_k["input_ids"])
-        new_examples["attention_mask_k"].append(tokenized_k["attention_mask"])
-
-    return new_examples
-
-
-# preprocess the dataset and filter out QAs that are longer than script_args.max_length
-train_dataset = train_dataset.map(
-    preprocess_function,
-    batched=True,
-    num_proc=num_proc,
-    remove_columns=original_columns,
-)
-train_dataset = train_dataset.filter(
-    lambda x: len(x["input_ids_j"]) <= script_args.max_length and len(x["input_ids_k"]) <= script_args.max_length,
-    num_proc=num_proc,
-)
-
-eval_dataset = eval_dataset.map(
-    preprocess_function,
-    batched=True,
-    num_proc=num_proc,
-    remove_columns=original_columns,
-)
-eval_dataset = eval_dataset.filter(
-    lambda x: len(x["input_ids_j"]) <= script_args.max_length and len(x["input_ids_k"]) <= script_args.max_length,
-    num_proc=num_proc,
-)
-
-
-# We need to define a special data collator that batches the data in our j vs k format.
-@dataclass
-class RewardDataCollatorWithPadding:
-    tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizerBase
-    padding: Union[bool, str, PaddingStrategy] = True
-    pad_to_multiple_of: Optional[int] = None
-    return_tensors: str = "pt"
-
-    def __call__(self, features: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        features_j = []
-        features_k = []
-        for feature in features:
-            features_j.append(
-                {
-                    "input_ids": feature["input_ids_j"],
-                    "attention_mask": feature["attention_mask_j"],
-                }
-            )
-            features_k.append(
-                {
-                    "input_ids": feature["input_ids_k"],
-                    "attention_mask": feature["attention_mask_k"],
-                }
-            )
-        batch_j = self.tokenizer.pad(
-            features_j,
-            padding=self.padding,
-            pad_to_multiple_of=self.pad_to_multiple_of,
-            return_tensors=self.return_tensors,
-        )
-        batch_k = self.tokenizer.pad(
-            features_k,
-            padding=self.padding,
-            pad_to_multiple_of=self.pad_to_multiple_of,
-            return_tensors=self.return_tensors,
-        )
-        batch = {
-            "input_ids_j": batch_j["input_ids"],
-            "attention_mask_j": batch_j["attention_mask"],
-            "input_ids_k": batch_k["input_ids"],
-            "attention_mask_k": batch_k["attention_mask"],
-            "return_loss": True,
-        }
-        return batch
-
-
-# Define the metric that we'll use for validation.
-accuracy = evaluate.load("accuracy")
-
-
-def compute_metrics(eval_pred):
-    predictions, _ = eval_pred
-    # Here, predictions is rewards_j and rewards_k.
-    # We want to see how much of the time rewards_j > rewards_k.
-    predictions = np.argmax(predictions, axis=0)
-    labels = np.zeros(predictions.shape)
-    return accuracy.compute(predictions=predictions, references=labels)
-
-
-class RewardTrainer(Trainer):
-    # Define how to compute the reward loss. We use the InstructGPT pairwise logloss: https://huggingface.co/papers/2203.02155
-    def compute_loss(self, model, inputs, return_outputs=False):
-        rewards_j = model(input_ids=inputs["input_ids_j"], attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask_j"])[0]
-        rewards_k = model(input_ids=inputs["input_ids_k"], attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask_k"])[0]
-        loss = -nn.functional.logsigmoid(rewards_j - rewards_k).mean()
-        if return_outputs:
-            return loss, {"rewards_j": rewards_j, "rewards_k": rewards_k}
-        return loss
-
-
-# Train the model, woohoo.
-trainer = RewardTrainer(
-    model=model,
-    args=training_args,
-    train_dataset=train_dataset,
-    eval_dataset=eval_dataset,
-    compute_metrics=compute_metrics,
-    data_collator=RewardDataCollatorWithPadding(tokenizer=tokenizer),
-)
-
-
-if script_args.eval_first_step:
-
-    class EvaluateFirstStepCallback(TrainerCallback):
-        def on_step_end(self, args, state, control, **kwargs):
-            if state.global_step == 1:
-                control.should_evaluate = True
-
-    trainer.add_callback(EvaluateFirstStepCallback())
-
-trainer.train(script_args.resume_from_checkpoint)
-
-print("Saving last checkpoint of the model")
-model.save_pretrained(output_name + "_peft_last_checkpoint")

examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/rl_training.py

@@ -1,270 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Optional
-
-import torch
-from accelerate import Accelerator
-from datasets import load_dataset
-from peft import LoraConfig
-from tqdm import tqdm
-from transformers import Adafactor, AutoTokenizer, HfArgumentParser, pipeline, set_seed
-
-from trl import AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead, PPOConfig, PPOTrainer
-from trl.core import LengthSampler
-
-
-tqdm.pandas()
-
-
-@dataclass
-class ScriptArguments:
-    """
-    The name of the Casual LM model we wish to fine-tune with PPO
-    """
-
-    # NOTE: gpt2 models use Conv1D instead of Linear layers which are not yet supported in 8 bit mode
-    # models like gpt-neo* models are more suitable.
-    model_name: Optional[str] = field(default="", metadata={"help": "the model name"})
-    tokenizer_name: Optional[str] = field(default="", metadata={"help": "the tokenizer name"})
-    reward_model_name: Optional[str] = field(default="", metadata={"help": "the reward model name"})
-    log_with: Optional[str] = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "use 'wandb' to log with wandb"})
-    learning_rate: Optional[float] = field(default=1.41e-5, metadata={"help": "the learning rate"})
-    output_max_length: Optional[int] = field(default=128, metadata={"help": "maximum length for generation"})
-    mini_batch_size: Optional[int] = field(default=1, metadata={"help": "the PPO minibatch size"})
-    batch_size: Optional[int] = field(default=32, metadata={"help": "the batch size"})
-    ppo_epochs: Optional[int] = field(default=4, metadata={"help": "the number of ppo epochs"})
-    gradient_accumulation_steps: Optional[int] = field(
-        default=4, metadata={"help": "the number of gradient accumulation steps"}
-    )
-    adafactor: Optional[bool] = field(default=False, metadata={"help": "whether to use the adafactor optimizer"})
-    early_stopping: Optional[bool] = field(default=False, metadata={"help": "whether to early stop"})
-    target_kl: Optional[float] = field(default=0.1, metadata={"help": "kl target for early stopping"})
-    reward_baseline: Optional[float] = field(
-        default=0.0,
-        metadata={"help": "a baseline value that is subtracted from the reward"},
-    )
-    batched_gen: Optional[bool] = field(default=False, metadata={"help": "whether to use the batched text gen"})
-    save_freq: Optional[int] = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "n steps to save the model"})
-    output_dir: Optional[str] = field(default="runs/", metadata={"help": "n steps to save the model"})
-    seed: Optional[int] = field(default=0, metadata={"help": "the seed"})
-    steps: Optional[int] = field(default=20000, metadata={"help": "number of epochs"})
-    init_kl_coef: Optional[float] = field(
-        default=0.2,
-        metadata={"help": "Initial KL penalty coefficient (used for adaptive and linear control)"},
-    )
-
-    adap_kl_ctrl: Optional[bool] = field(default=True, metadata={"help": "Use adaptive KL control, otherwise linear"})
-    load_in_8bit: Optional[bool] = field(default=True, metadata={"help": "whether to load the model in 8bit"})
-
-
-parser = HfArgumentParser(ScriptArguments)
-script_args: ScriptArguments = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()[0]
-reward_model_name = script_args.reward_model_name
-dataset_name = "lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired"
-config = PPOConfig(
-    steps=script_args.steps,
-    model_name=script_args.model_name,
-    learning_rate=script_args.learning_rate,
-    log_with=script_args.log_with,
-    batch_size=script_args.batch_size,
-    mini_batch_size=script_args.mini_batch_size,
-    gradient_accumulation_steps=script_args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
-    optimize_device_cache=True,
-    early_stopping=script_args.early_stopping,
-    target_kl=script_args.target_kl,
-    ppo_epochs=script_args.ppo_epochs,
-    seed=script_args.seed,
-    init_kl_coef=script_args.init_kl_coef,
-    adap_kl_ctrl=script_args.adap_kl_ctrl,
-)
-
-train_dataset = load_dataset(
-    "lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired", data_dir="data/rl", split="train", verification_mode="no_checks"
-)
-train_dataset = train_dataset.select(range(100000))
-original_columns = train_dataset.column_names
-
-# We then define the arguments to pass to the sentiment analysis pipeline.
-# We set `return_all_scores` to True to get the sentiment score for each token.
-sent_kwargs = {
-    "return_all_scores": True,
-    "function_to_apply": "none",
-    "batch_size": 16,
-    "truncation": True,
-}
-
-tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(script_args.tokenizer_name)
-# GPT-2 tokenizer has a pad token, but it is not eos_token by default. We need to set it to eos_token.
-# only for this model.
-
-if getattr(tokenizer, "pad_token", None) is None:
-    tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
-
-
-# Below is an example function to build the dataset. In our case, we use the IMDB dataset
-# from the `datasets` library. One should customize this function to train the model on
-# its own dataset.
-def build_dataset(
-    tokenizer,
-    dataset_name="lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired",
-):
-    """
-    Build dataset for training. This builds the dataset from `load_dataset`, one should
-    customize this function to train the model on its own dataset.
-
-    Args:
-        tokenizer (`transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer`):
-            The tokenizer used for the model.
-        dataset_name (`str`):
-            The name of the dataset to be loaded.
-
-    Returns:
-        dataloader (`torch.utils.data.DataLoader`):
-            The dataloader for the dataset.
-    """
-
-    num_proc = 24
-
-    def preprocess_function(examples):
-        new_examples = {
-            "query": [],
-            "input_ids": [],
-        }
-        for question in examples["question"]:
-            query = "Question: " + question + "\n\nAnswer: "
-            tokenized_question = tokenizer(query, truncation=True)
-            new_examples["query"].append(query)
-            new_examples["input_ids"].append(tokenized_question["input_ids"])
-
-        return new_examples
-
-    ds = train_dataset.map(
-        preprocess_function,
-        batched=True,
-        num_proc=num_proc,
-        remove_columns=original_columns,
-    )
-    ds = ds.filter(lambda x: len(x["input_ids"]) < 512, batched=False, num_proc=num_proc)
-
-    ds.set_format(type="torch")
-    return ds
-
-
-# We retrieve the dataloader by calling the `build_dataset` function.
-dataset = build_dataset(tokenizer)
-
-
-def collator(data):
-    return {key: [d[key] for d in data] for key in data[0]}
-
-
-# set seed before initializing value head for deterministic eval
-set_seed(config.seed)
-
-# Now let's build the model, the reference model, and the tokenizer.
-current_device = Accelerator().local_process_index
-
-lora_config = LoraConfig(
-    r=16,
-    lora_alpha=32,
-    lora_dropout=0.05,
-    bias="none",
-    task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
-)
-model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
-    config.model_name,
-    load_in_8bit=script_args.load_in_8bit,
-    device_map={"": current_device},
-    peft_config=lora_config,
-)
-
-optimizer = None
-if script_args.adafactor:
-    optimizer = Adafactor(
-        filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, model.parameters()),
-        scale_parameter=False,
-        relative_step=False,
-        warmup_init=False,
-        lr=config.learning_rate,
-    )
-# We then build the PPOTrainer, passing the model, the reference model, the tokenizer
-ppo_trainer = PPOTrainer(
-    config,
-    model,
-    ref_model=None,
-    tokenizer=tokenizer,
-    dataset=dataset,
-    data_collator=collator,
-    optimizer=optimizer,
-)
-
-# We then build the sentiment analysis pipeline using our reward model, passing the
-# model name and the sentiment analysis pipeline arguments. Let's also make sure to
-# set the device to the same device as the PPOTrainer.
-device = ppo_trainer.accelerator.device
-if ppo_trainer.accelerator.num_processes == 1:
-    device = 0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"  # to avoid a ` pipeline` bug
-sentiment_pipe = pipeline(
-    "sentiment-analysis",
-    model=reward_model_name,
-    device_map={"": current_device},
-    model_kwargs={"load_in_8bit": script_args.load_in_8bit},
-    tokenizer=tokenizer,
-    return_token_type_ids=False,
-)
-
-if sentiment_pipe.model.config.pad_token_id is None:
-    sentiment_pipe.model.config.pad_token_id = sentiment_pipe.model.config.eos_token_id
-# We then define the arguments to pass to the `generate` function. These arguments
-# are passed to the `generate` function of the PPOTrainer, which is a wrapper around
-# the `generate` function of the trained model.
-generation_kwargs = {
-    # "min_length": -1,
-    "top_k": 0.0,
-    "top_p": 1.0,
-    "do_sample": True,
-    "pad_token_id": tokenizer.pad_token_id,
-    "eos_token_id": 100_000,
-}
-output_min_length = 32
-output_max_length = script_args.output_max_length
-output_length_sampler = LengthSampler(output_min_length, output_max_length)
-
-for epoch, batch in tqdm(enumerate(ppo_trainer.dataloader)):
-    if epoch >= config.total_ppo_epochs:
-        break
-
-    question_tensors = batch["input_ids"]
-
-    response_tensors = ppo_trainer.generate(
-        question_tensors,
-        return_prompt=False,
-        length_sampler=output_length_sampler,
-        **generation_kwargs,
-    )
-    batch["response"] = tokenizer.batch_decode(response_tensors, skip_special_tokens=True)
-
-    # Compute reward score (using the sentiment analysis pipeline)
-    texts = [q + r for q, r in zip(batch["query"], batch["response"])]
-    pipe_outputs = sentiment_pipe(texts, **sent_kwargs)
-    rewards = [torch.tensor(output[0]["score"] - script_args.reward_baseline) for output in pipe_outputs]
-
-    # Run PPO step
-    stats = ppo_trainer.step(question_tensors, response_tensors, rewards)
-    ppo_trainer.log_stats(stats, batch, rewards)
-
-    if script_args.save_freq and epoch and epoch % script_args.save_freq == 0:
-        ppo_trainer.save_pretrained(script_args.output_dir + f"step_{epoch}")

examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/supervised_finetuning.py

@@ -1,222 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import argparse
-import os
-
-from accelerate import Accelerator
-from datasets import load_dataset
-from peft import LoraConfig
-from tqdm import tqdm
-from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, TrainingArguments, logging, set_seed
-
-from trl import SFTTrainer
-from trl.trainer import ConstantLengthDataset
-
-
-"""
-Fine-Tune Llama-7b on SE paired dataset
-"""
-
-
-def get_args():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument("--model_path", type=str, default="")
-    parser.add_argument("--dataset_name", type=str, default="lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired")
-    parser.add_argument("--subset", type=str, default="data/finetune")
-    parser.add_argument("--split", type=str, default="train")
-    parser.add_argument("--size_valid_set", type=int, default=4000)
-    parser.add_argument("--streaming", action="store_true")
-    parser.add_argument("--shuffle_buffer", type=int, default=5000)
-
-    parser.add_argument("--seq_length", type=int, default=1024)
-    parser.add_argument("--max_steps", type=int, default=10000)
-    parser.add_argument("--batch_size", type=int, default=4)
-    parser.add_argument("--gradient_accumulation_steps", type=int, default=1)
-    parser.add_argument("--eos_token_id", type=int, default=49152)
-
-    parser.add_argument("--learning_rate", type=float, default=1e-4)
-    parser.add_argument("--lr_scheduler_type", type=str, default="cosine")
-    parser.add_argument("--num_warmup_steps", type=int, default=100)
-    parser.add_argument("--weight_decay", type=float, default=0.05)
-
-    parser.add_argument("--local_rank", type=int, default=0)
-    parser.add_argument("--fp16", action="store_true", default=False)
-    parser.add_argument("--bf16", action="store_true", default=False)
-    parser.add_argument("--gradient_checkpointing", action="store_true", default=False)
-    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=0)
-    parser.add_argument("--num_workers", type=int, default=None)
-    parser.add_argument("--output_dir", type=str, default="./checkpoints")
-    parser.add_argument("--log_freq", default=1, type=int)
-    parser.add_argument("--eval_freq", default=1000, type=int)
-    parser.add_argument("--save_freq", default=1000, type=int)
-
-    return parser.parse_args()
-
-
-def chars_token_ratio(dataset, tokenizer, nb_examples=400):
-    """
-    Estimate the average number of characters per token in the dataset.
-    """
-    total_characters, total_tokens = 0, 0
-    for _, example in tqdm(zip(range(nb_examples), iter(dataset)), total=nb_examples):
-        text = prepare_sample_text(example)
-        total_characters += len(text)
-        if tokenizer.is_fast:
-            total_tokens += len(tokenizer(text).tokens())
-        else:
-            total_tokens += len(tokenizer.tokenize(text))
-
-    return total_characters / total_tokens
-
-
-def print_trainable_parameters(model):
-    """
-    Prints the number of trainable parameters in the model.
-    """
-    trainable_params = 0
-    all_param = 0
-    for _, param in model.named_parameters():
-        all_param += param.numel()
-        if param.requires_grad:
-            trainable_params += param.numel()
-    print(
-        f"trainable params: {trainable_params} || all params: {all_param} || trainable%: {100 * trainable_params / all_param}"
-    )
-
-
-def prepare_sample_text(example):
-    """Prepare the text from a sample of the dataset."""
-    text = f"Question: {example['question']}\n\nAnswer: {example['response_j']}"
-    return text
-
-
-def create_datasets(tokenizer, args):
-    dataset = load_dataset(
-        args.dataset_name,
-        data_dir=args.subset,
-        split=args.split,
-        use_auth_token=True,
-        num_proc=args.num_workers if not args.streaming else None,
-        streaming=args.streaming,
-    )
-    if args.streaming:
-        print("Loading the dataset in streaming mode")
-        valid_data = dataset.take(args.size_valid_set)
-        train_data = dataset.skip(args.size_valid_set)
-        train_data = train_data.shuffle(buffer_size=args.shuffle_buffer, seed=args.seed)
-    else:
-        dataset = dataset.train_test_split(test_size=0.005, seed=args.seed)
-        train_data = dataset["train"]
-        valid_data = dataset["test"]
-        print(f"Size of the train set: {len(train_data)}. Size of the validation set: {len(valid_data)}")
-
-    chars_per_token = chars_token_ratio(train_data, tokenizer)
-    print(f"The character to token ratio of the dataset is: {chars_per_token:.2f}")
-
-    train_dataset = ConstantLengthDataset(
-        tokenizer,
-        train_data,
-        formatting_func=prepare_sample_text,
-        infinite=True,
-        seq_length=args.seq_length,
-        chars_per_token=chars_per_token,
-    )
-    valid_dataset = ConstantLengthDataset(
-        tokenizer,
-        valid_data,
-        formatting_func=prepare_sample_text,
-        infinite=False,
-        seq_length=args.seq_length,
-        chars_per_token=chars_per_token,
-    )
-    return train_dataset, valid_dataset
-
-
-def run_training(args, train_data, val_data):
-    print("Loading the model")
-
-    lora_config = LoraConfig(
-        r=16,
-        lora_alpha=32,
-        lora_dropout=0.05,
-        bias="none",
-        task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
-    )
-
-    train_data.start_iteration = 0
-
-    print("Starting main loop")
-
-    training_args = TrainingArguments(
-        output_dir=args.output_dir,
-        dataloader_drop_last=True,
-        eval_strategy="steps",
-        max_steps=args.max_steps,
-        eval_steps=args.eval_freq,
-        save_steps=args.save_freq,
-        logging_steps=args.log_freq,
-        per_device_train_batch_size=args.batch_size,
-        per_device_eval_batch_size=args.batch_size,
-        learning_rate=args.learning_rate,
-        lr_scheduler_type=args.lr_scheduler_type,
-        warmup_steps=args.num_warmup_steps,
-        gradient_accumulation_steps=args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
-        gradient_checkpointing=args.gradient_checkpointing,
-        fp16=args.fp16,
-        bf16=args.bf16,
-        weight_decay=args.weight_decay,
-        run_name="llama-7b-finetuned",
-        report_to="wandb",
-        ddp_find_unused_parameters=False,
-    )
-
-    model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
-        args.model_path, load_in_8bit=True, device_map={"": Accelerator().process_index}
-    )
-
-    trainer = SFTTrainer(
-        model=model,
-        args=training_args,
-        train_dataset=train_data,
-        eval_dataset=val_data,
-        peft_config=lora_config,
-        packing=True,
-    )
-
-    print_trainable_parameters(trainer.model)
-
-    print("Training...")
-    trainer.train()
-
-    print("Saving last checkpoint of the model")
-    trainer.model.save_pretrained(os.path.join(args.output_dir, "final_checkpoint/"))
-
-
-def main(args):
-    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(args.model_path)
-    train_dataset, eval_dataset = create_datasets(tokenizer, args)
-    run_training(args, train_dataset, eval_dataset)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    args = get_args()
-    assert args.model_path != "", "Please provide the llama model path"
-
-    set_seed(args.seed)
-    os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)
-
-    logging.set_verbosity_error()
-
-    main(args)

examples/research_projects/stack_llama_2/scripts/README.md

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-# DPO pipeline for the creation of StackLlaMa 2: a Stack exchange llama-v2-7b model
-
-## Prerequisites
-
-Install all the dependencies in the `requirements.txt`:
-
-```
-$ pip install -U -r requirements.txt
-```
-
-Since we will use `accelerate` for training, make sure to run:
-```
-$ accelerate config
-```
-
-## Training
-
-There were two main steps to the DPO training process:
-1. Supervised fine-tuning of the base llama-v2-7b model to create llama-v2-7b-se:
-
-    ```
-    accelerate launch examples/research_projects/stack_llama_2/scripts/sft_llama2.py \
-        --output_dir="./sft" \
-        --max_steps=500 \
-        --save_steps=10 \
-        --per_device_train_batch_size=4 \
-        --per_device_eval_batch_size=1 \
-        --gradient_accumulation_steps=2 \
-        --gradient_checkpointing=False \
-        --group_by_length=False \
-        --learning_rate=1e-4 \
-        --lr_scheduler_type="cosine" \
-        --warmup_steps=100 \
-        --weight_decay=0.05 \
-        --optim="paged_adamw_32bit" \
-        --bf16=True \
-        --remove_unused_columns=False \
-        --run_name="sft_llama2" \
-        --report_to="wandb"
-    ```
-1. Run the DPO trainer using the model saved by the previous step:
-    ```
-    accelerate launch examples/research_projects/stack_llama_2/scripts/dpo_llama2.py \
-        --model_name_or_path="sft/final_checkpoint" \
-        --output_dir="dpo"
-    ```
-
-
-## Merging the adaptors
-
-To merge the adaptors into the base model we can use the `merge_peft_adapter.py` helper script that comes with TRL:
-
-```
-python examples/research_projects/stack_llama/scripts/merge_peft_adapter.py --base_model_name="meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf" --adapter_model_name="dpo/final_checkpoint/" --output_name="stack-llama-2"
-```
-
-which will also push the model to your HuggingFace hub account.
-
-## Running the model
-
-We can load the DPO-trained LoRA adaptors which were saved by the DPO training step and load them via:
-
-```py
-from peft import AutoPeftModelForCausalLM
-
-
-model = AutoPeftModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
-    "dpo/final_checkpoint",
-    low_cpu_mem_usage=True,
-    dtype=torch.float16,
-    load_in_4bit=True,
-)
-
-model.generate(...)
-```

examples/research_projects/stack_llama_2/scripts/dpo_llama2.py

@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-# 0. imports
-import os
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Optional
-
-import torch
-from accelerate import Accelerator
-from datasets import Dataset, load_dataset
-from peft import LoraConfig
-from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, HfArgumentParser, set_seed
-
-from trl import DPOConfig, DPOTrainer
-
-
-# Define and parse arguments.
-@dataclass
-class ScriptArguments:
-    """
-    The arguments for the DPO training script.
-    """
-
-    # data parameters
-    beta: Optional[float] = field(default=0.1, metadata={"help": "the beta parameter for DPO loss"})
-
-    # training parameters
-    model_name_or_path: Optional[str] = field(
-        default="../sft/results/final_checkpoint",
-        metadata={"help": "the location of the SFT model name or path"},
-    )
-    learning_rate: Optional[float] = field(default=5e-4, metadata={"help": "optimizer learning rate"})
-    lr_scheduler_type: Optional[str] = field(default="cosine", metadata={"help": "the lr scheduler type"})
-    warmup_steps: Optional[int] = field(default=100, metadata={"help": "the number of warmup steps"})
-    weight_decay: Optional[float] = field(default=0.05, metadata={"help": "the weight decay"})
-    optimizer_type: Optional[str] = field(default="paged_adamw_32bit", metadata={"help": "the optimizer type"})
-
-    per_device_train_batch_size: Optional[int] = field(default=4, metadata={"help": "train batch size per device"})
-    per_device_eval_batch_size: Optional[int] = field(default=1, metadata={"help": "eval batch size per device"})
-    gradient_accumulation_steps: Optional[int] = field(
-        default=4, metadata={"help": "the number of gradient accumulation steps"}
-    )
-    gradient_checkpointing: Optional[bool] = field(
-        default=True, metadata={"help": "whether to use gradient checkpointing"}
-    )
-
-    gradient_checkpointing_use_reentrant: Optional[bool] = field(
-        default=False, metadata={"help": "whether to use reentrant for gradient checkpointing"}
-    )
-
-    lora_alpha: Optional[float] = field(default=16, metadata={"help": "the lora alpha parameter"})
-    lora_dropout: Optional[float] = field(default=0.05, metadata={"help": "the lora dropout parameter"})
-    lora_r: Optional[int] = field(default=8, metadata={"help": "the lora r parameter"})
-
-    max_prompt_length: Optional[int] = field(default=512, metadata={"help": "the maximum prompt length"})
-    max_length: Optional[int] = field(default=1024, metadata={"help": "the maximum sequence length"})
-    max_steps: Optional[int] = field(default=1000, metadata={"help": "max number of training steps"})
-    logging_steps: Optional[int] = field(default=10, metadata={"help": "the logging frequency"})
-    save_steps: Optional[int] = field(default=100, metadata={"help": "the saving frequency"})
-    eval_steps: Optional[int] = field(default=100, metadata={"help": "the evaluation frequency"})
-
-    output_dir: Optional[str] = field(default="./results", metadata={"help": "the output directory"})
-    log_freq: Optional[int] = field(default=1, metadata={"help": "the logging frequency"})
-    load_in_4bit: Optional[bool] = field(default=True, metadata={"help": "whether to load the model in 4bit"})
-    model_dtype: Optional[str] = field(
-        default="float16", metadata={"help": "model_dtype[float16, bfloat16, float] for loading."}
-    )
-
-    # instrumentation
-    report_to: Optional[str] = field(
-        default="wandb",
-        metadata={
-            "help": 'The list of integrations to report the results and logs to. Supported platforms are `"azure_ml"`,'
-            '`"comet_ml"`, `"mlflow"`, `"neptune"`, `"tensorboard"`,`"clearml"` and `"wandb"`. '
-            'Use `"all"` to report to all integrations installed, `"none"` for no integrations.'
-        },
-    )
-    # debug argument for distributed training
-    ignore_bias_buffers: Optional[bool] = field(
-        default=False,
-        metadata={
-            "help": "fix for DDP issues with LM bias/mask buffers - invalid scalar type,`inplace operation. See"
-            "https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/issues/22482#issuecomment-1595790992"
-        },
-    )
-    seed: Optional[int] = field(
-        default=0, metadata={"help": "Random seed that will be set at the beginning of training."}
-    )
-
-
-def get_stack_exchange_paired(
-    data_dir: str = "data/rl",
-    cache_dir: Optional[str] = None,
-    num_proc=24,
-) -> Dataset:
-    """Load the stack-exchange-paired dataset from Hugging Face and convert it to the necessary format.
-
-    The dataset is converted to a dictionary with the following structure:
-    {
-        'prompt': list[str],
-        'chosen': list[str],
-        'rejected': list[str],
-    }
-
-    Prompts are structured as follows:
-      "Question: " + <prompt> + "\n\nAnswer: "
-    """
-    dataset = load_dataset(
-        "lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired",
-        split="train",
-        cache_dir=cache_dir,
-        data_dir=data_dir,
-        verification_mode="no_checks",
-    )
-    original_columns = dataset.column_names
-
-    def return_prompt_and_responses(samples) -> dict[str, str]:
-        return {
-            "prompt": ["Question: " + question + "\n\nAnswer: " for question in samples["question"]],
-            "chosen": samples["response_j"],
-            "rejected": samples["response_k"],
-        }
-
-    return dataset.map(
-        return_prompt_and_responses,
-        batched=True,
-        num_proc=num_proc,
-        remove_columns=original_columns,
-    )
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    parser = HfArgumentParser(ScriptArguments)
-    script_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()[0]
-
-    set_seed(script_args.seed)
-
-    # 1. load a pretrained model
-    dtype = torch.float
-    if script_args.model_dtype == "float16":
-        dtype = torch.float16
-    elif script_args.model_dtype == "bfloat16":
-        dtype = torch.bfloat16
-
-    model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
-        script_args.model_name_or_path,
-        low_cpu_mem_usage=True,
-        dtype=dtype,
-        load_in_4bit=script_args.load_in_4bit,
-        device_map={"": Accelerator().local_process_index},
-    )
-    model.config.use_cache = False
-
-    if script_args.ignore_bias_buffers:
-        # torch distributed hack
-        model._ddp_params_and_buffers_to_ignore = [
-            name for name, buffer in model.named_buffers() if buffer.dtype == torch.bool
-        ]
-
-    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf")
-    tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
-
-    # 2. Load the Stack-exchange paired dataset
-    train_dataset = get_stack_exchange_paired(data_dir="data/rl")
-    train_dataset = train_dataset.filter(
-        lambda x: len(x["prompt"]) + len(x["chosen"]) <= script_args.max_length
-        and len(x["prompt"]) + len(x["rejected"]) <= script_args.max_length,
-        num_proc=script_args.num_proc,
-    )
-
-    # 3. Load evaluation dataset
-    eval_dataset = get_stack_exchange_paired(data_dir="data/evaluation")
-    eval_dataset = eval_dataset.filter(
-        lambda x: len(x["prompt"]) + len(x["chosen"]) <= script_args.max_length
-        and len(x["prompt"]) + len(x["rejected"]) <= script_args.max_length,
-        num_proc=script_args.num_proc,
-    )
-
-    # 4. initialize training arguments:
-    training_args = DPOConfig(
-        per_device_train_batch_size=script_args.per_device_train_batch_size,
-        per_device_eval_batch_size=script_args.per_device_eval_batch_size,
-        max_steps=script_args.max_steps,
-        logging_steps=script_args.logging_steps,
-        save_steps=script_args.save_steps,
-        gradient_accumulation_steps=script_args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
-        gradient_checkpointing=script_args.gradient_checkpointing,
-        learning_rate=script_args.learning_rate,
-        eval_strategy="steps",
-        eval_steps=script_args.eval_steps,
-        output_dir=script_args.output_dir,
-        report_to=script_args.report_to,
-        lr_scheduler_type=script_args.lr_scheduler_type,
-        warmup_steps=script_args.warmup_steps,
-        optim=script_args.optimizer_type,
-        bf16=True,
-        remove_unused_columns=False,
-        run_name="dpo_llama2",
-        gradient_checkpointing_kwargs=dict(use_reentrant=script_args.gradient_checkpointing_use_reentrant),
-        seed=script_args.seed,
-    )
-
-    peft_config = LoraConfig(
-        r=script_args.lora_r,
-        lora_alpha=script_args.lora_alpha,
-        lora_dropout=script_args.lora_dropout,
-        target_modules=[
-            "q_proj",
-            "v_proj",
-            "k_proj",
-            "out_proj",
-            "fc_in",
-            "fc_out",
-            "wte",
-        ],
-        bias="none",
-        task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
-    )
-
-    # 5. initialize the DPO trainer
-    dpo_trainer = DPOTrainer(
-        model,
-        ref_model=None,
-        args=training_args,
-        beta=script_args.beta,
-        train_dataset=train_dataset,
-        eval_dataset=eval_dataset,
-        processing_class=tokenizer,
-        peft_config=peft_config,
-        max_prompt_length=script_args.max_prompt_length,
-        max_length=script_args.max_length,
-    )
-
-    # 6. train
-    dpo_trainer.train()
-    dpo_trainer.save_model(script_args.output_dir)
-
-    # 7. save
-    output_dir = os.path.join(script_args.output_dir, "final_checkpoint")
-    dpo_trainer.model.save_pretrained(output_dir)

examples/research_projects/stack_llama_2/scripts/requirements.txt

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-transformers
-trl
-peft
-accelerate
-datasets
-bitsandbytes
-wandb

examples/research_projects/stack_llama_2/scripts/sft_llama2.py

@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-# Fine-Tune Llama2-7b on SE paired dataset
-import os
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Optional
-
-import torch
-from accelerate import Accelerator
-from datasets import load_dataset
-from peft import AutoPeftModelForCausalLM, LoraConfig
-from tqdm import tqdm
-from transformers import (
-    AutoModelForCausalLM,
-    AutoTokenizer,
-    BitsAndBytesConfig,
-    HfArgumentParser,
-    is_torch_npu_available,
-    is_torch_xpu_available,
-    set_seed,
-)
-
-from trl import SFTConfig, SFTTrainer
-from trl.trainer import ConstantLengthDataset
-
-
-@dataclass
-class ScriptArguments:
-    model_name: Optional[str] = field(default="meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf", metadata={"help": "the model name"})
-    dataset_name: Optional[str] = field(default="lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired", metadata={"help": "the dataset name"})
-    subset: Optional[str] = field(default="data/finetune", metadata={"help": "the subset to use"})
-    split: Optional[str] = field(default="train", metadata={"help": "the split to use"})
-    size_valid_set: Optional[int] = field(default=4000, metadata={"help": "the size of the validation set"})
-    streaming: Optional[bool] = field(default=True, metadata={"help": "whether to stream the dataset"})
-    shuffle_buffer: Optional[int] = field(default=5000, metadata={"help": "the shuffle buffer size"})
-    seq_length: Optional[int] = field(default=1024, metadata={"help": "the sequence length"})
-    num_workers: Optional[int] = field(default=4, metadata={"help": "the number of workers"})
-    use_bnb: Optional[bool] = field(default=True, metadata={"help": "whether to use BitsAndBytes"})
-
-    # LoraConfig
-    lora_alpha: Optional[float] = field(default=16, metadata={"help": "the lora alpha parameter"})
-    lora_dropout: Optional[float] = field(default=0.05, metadata={"help": "the lora dropout parameter"})
-    lora_r: Optional[int] = field(default=8, metadata={"help": "the lora r parameter"})
-
-
-parser = HfArgumentParser((ScriptArguments, SFTConfig))
-script_args, training_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()
-peft_config = LoraConfig(
-    r=script_args.lora_r,
-    lora_alpha=script_args.lora_alpha,
-    lora_dropout=script_args.lora_dropout,
-    target_modules=["q_proj", "v_proj"],
-    bias="none",
-    task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
-)
-
-if training_args.group_by_length and training_args.packing:
-    raise ValueError("Cannot use both packing and group by length")
-
-# `gradient_checkpointing` was True by default until `1f3314`, but it's actually not used.
-# `gradient_checkpointing=True` will cause `Variable._execution_engine.run_backward`.
-if training_args.gradient_checkpointing:
-    raise ValueError("gradient_checkpointing not supported")
-
-set_seed(training_args.seed)
-
-
-def chars_token_ratio(dataset, tokenizer, nb_examples=400):
-    """
-    Estimate the average number of characters per token in the dataset.
-    """
-    total_characters, total_tokens = 0, 0
-    for _, example in tqdm(zip(range(nb_examples), iter(dataset)), total=nb_examples):
-        text = prepare_sample_text(example)
-        total_characters += len(text)
-        if tokenizer.is_fast:
-            total_tokens += len(tokenizer(text).tokens())
-        else:
-            total_tokens += len(tokenizer.tokenize(text))
-
-    return total_characters / total_tokens
-
-
-def print_trainable_parameters(model):
-    """
-    Prints the number of trainable parameters in the model.
-    """
-    trainable_params = 0
-    all_param = 0
-    for _, param in model.named_parameters():
-        all_param += param.numel()
-        if param.requires_grad:
-            trainable_params += param.numel()
-    print(
-        f"trainable params: {trainable_params} || all params: {all_param} || trainable%: {100 * trainable_params / all_param}"
-    )
-
-
-def prepare_sample_text(example):
-    """Prepare the text from a sample of the dataset."""
-    text = f"Question: {example['question']}\n\nAnswer: {example['response_j']}"
-    return text
-
-
-def create_datasets(tokenizer, args, seed=None):
-    dataset = load_dataset(
-        args.dataset_name,
-        data_dir=args.subset,
-        split=args.split,
-        use_auth_token=True,
-        num_proc=args.num_workers if not args.streaming else None,
-        streaming=args.streaming,
-    )
-    if args.streaming:
-        print("Loading the dataset in streaming mode")
-        valid_data = dataset.take(args.size_valid_set)
-        train_data = dataset.skip(args.size_valid_set)
-        train_data = train_data.shuffle(buffer_size=args.shuffle_buffer, seed=seed)
-    else:
-        dataset = dataset.train_test_split(test_size=0.005, seed=seed)
-        train_data = dataset["train"]
-        valid_data = dataset["test"]
-        print(f"Size of the train set: {len(train_data)}. Size of the validation set: {len(valid_data)}")
-
-    chars_per_token = chars_token_ratio(train_data, tokenizer)
-    print(f"The character to token ratio of the dataset is: {chars_per_token:.2f}")
-
-    train_dataset = ConstantLengthDataset(
-        tokenizer,
-        train_data,
-        formatting_func=prepare_sample_text,
-        infinite=True,
-        seq_length=args.seq_length,
-        chars_per_token=chars_per_token,
-    )
-    valid_dataset = ConstantLengthDataset(
-        tokenizer,
-        valid_data,
-        formatting_func=prepare_sample_text,
-        infinite=False,
-        seq_length=args.seq_length,
-        chars_per_token=chars_per_token,
-    )
-    return train_dataset, valid_dataset
-
-
-bnb_config = None
-if script_args.use_bnb:
-    bnb_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(
-        load_in_4bit=True,
-        bnb_4bit_quant_type="nf4",
-        bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
-    )
-
-base_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
-    script_args.model_name,
-    quantization_config=bnb_config,
-    device_map={"": Accelerator().local_process_index},
-    trust_remote_code=True,
-    use_auth_token=True,
-)
-base_model.config.use_cache = False
-
-
-tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(script_args.model_name, trust_remote_code=True)
-tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
-tokenizer.padding_side = "right"  # Fix weird overflow issue with fp16 training
-
-train_dataset, eval_dataset = create_datasets(tokenizer, script_args, seed=training_args.seed)
-
-trainer = SFTTrainer(
-    model=base_model,
-    train_dataset=train_dataset,
-    eval_dataset=eval_dataset,
-    peft_config=peft_config,
-    max_length=None,
-    formatting_func=prepare_sample_text,
-    processing_class=tokenizer,
-    args=training_args,
-)
-trainer.train()
-trainer.save_model(training_args.output_dir)
-
-output_dir = os.path.join(training_args.output_dir, "final_checkpoint")
-trainer.model.save_pretrained(output_dir)
-
-# Free memory for merging weights
-del base_model
-if is_torch_xpu_available():
-    torch.xpu.empty_cache()
-elif is_torch_npu_available():
-    torch.npu.empty_cache()
-else:
-    torch.cuda.empty_cache()
-
-model = AutoPeftModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(output_dir, device_map="auto", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
-model = model.merge_and_unload()
-
-output_merged_dir = os.path.join(training_args.output_dir, "final_merged_checkpoint")
-model.save_pretrained(output_merged_dir, safe_serialization=True)

examples/research_projects/toxicity/README.md

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# De-detoxifying language models
-
-To run this code, do the following:
-
-```shell
-ACCELERATE_LOG_LEVEL=info accelerate launch --config_file {CONFIG} examples/research_projects/toxicity/scripts/gpt-j-6b-toxicity.py --log_with wandb
-```

examples/research_projects/toxicity/scripts/evaluate-toxicity.py

@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import argparse
-import csv
-
-import evaluate
-import numpy as np
-import torch
-from datasets import load_dataset
-from tqdm import tqdm
-from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, is_torch_npu_available, is_torch_xpu_available
-
-
-toxicity = evaluate.load("ybelkada/toxicity", "DaNLP/da-electra-hatespeech-detection", module_type="measurement")
-ds = load_dataset("OxAISH-AL-LLM/wiki_toxic", split="test")
-
-parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Evaluate de-toxified models")
-parser.add_argument("--model_type", default="all", type=str, help="Relative path to the source model folder")
-parser.add_argument("--output_file", default="toxicity.csv", type=str, help="Relative path to the source model folder")
-parser.add_argument("--batch_size", default=64, type=int, help="Batch size")
-parser.add_argument("--num_samples", default=400, type=int, help="Number of samples")
-parser.add_argument("--context_length", default=2000, type=int, help="Number of samples")
-parser.add_argument("--max_new_tokens", default=30, type=int, help="Max new tokens for generation")
-args = parser.parse_args()
-
-
-if args.model_type == "all":
-    MODELS_TO_TEST = [
-        "ybelkada/gpt-neo-125m-detox",
-        "EleutherAI/gpt-neo-125M",
-        "EleutherAI/gpt-neo-2.7B",
-        "ybelkada/gpt-neo-2.7B-detox",
-        "ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-sharded-bf16",
-        "ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-detoxs",
-    ]
-elif args.model_type == "gpt-neo":
-    MODELS_TO_TEST = [
-        "ybelkada/gpt-neo-125m-detox",
-        "EleutherAI/gpt-neo-125M",
-        "EleutherAI/gpt-neo-2.7B",
-        "ybelkada/gpt-neo-2.7B-detox",
-    ]
-elif args.model_type == "gpt-j":
-    MODELS_TO_TEST = [
-        "ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-sharded-bf16",
-        "ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-detox",
-    ]
-else:
-    MODELS_TO_TEST = [args.model_type]
-NUM_SAMPLES = args.num_samples
-BATCH_SIZE = args.batch_size
-output_file = args.output_file
-max_new_tokens = args.max_new_tokens
-context_length = args.context_length
-if is_torch_xpu_available():
-    device = torch.xpu.current_device()
-elif is_torch_npu_available():
-    device = torch.npu.current_device()
-else:
-    device = torch.cuda.current_device() if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
-
-# consider only toxic prompts
-ds = ds.filter(lambda x: x["label"] == 1)
-
-toxicities = {}
-
-# open a csv file
-file = open(f"{output_file}", "w", newline="")
-writer = csv.writer(file)
-# add first rows
-writer.writerow(["model_id", "mean_toxicity", "std_toxicity"])
-
-
-for model_id in tqdm(MODELS_TO_TEST):
-    model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, device_map={"": device}, dtype=torch.bfloat16)
-    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
-    tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
-    tokenizer.padding_side = "left"
-    input_texts = []
-
-    for i, example in enumerate(ds):
-        # set seed
-        torch.manual_seed(42)
-
-        input_text = example["comment_text"]
-        input_texts.append(input_text[:2000])
-
-        if i > NUM_SAMPLES:
-            break
-
-        if (i + 1) % BATCH_SIZE == 0:
-            inputs = tokenizer(input_texts, return_tensors="pt", padding=True).to(device)
-            inputs.input_ids = inputs.input_ids[:context_length]
-            inputs.attention_mask = inputs.attention_mask[:context_length]
-            outputs = model.generate(**inputs, do_sample=True, max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens, use_cache=True)
-            generated_texts = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs, skip_special_tokens=True)
-            generated_texts = [
-                generated_text.replace(input_texts[i], "") for i, generated_text in enumerate(generated_texts)
-            ]
-            toxicity_score = toxicity.compute(predictions=generated_texts)
-            input_texts = []
-
-            if model_id not in toxicities:
-                toxicities[model_id] = []
-            toxicities[model_id].extend(toxicity_score["toxicity"])
-
-    # last batch
-    inputs = tokenizer(input_texts, return_tensors="pt", padding=True).to(device)
-    outputs = model.generate(**inputs, do_sample=True, max_new_tokens=30)
-    generated_texts = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs, skip_special_tokens=True)
-    generated_texts = [generated_text.replace(input_texts[i], "") for i, generated_text in enumerate(generated_texts)]
-    toxicity_score = toxicity.compute(predictions=generated_texts)
-    toxicities[model_id].extend(toxicity_score["toxicity"])
-
-    # compute mean & std using np
-    mean = np.mean(toxicities[model_id])
-    std = np.std(toxicities[model_id])
-
-    # save to file
-    writer.writerow([model_id, mean, std])
-
-    # print
-    print(f"Model: {model_id} - Mean: {mean} - Std: {std}")
-
-    model = None
-    if is_torch_xpu_available():
-        torch.xpu.empty_cache()
-    elif is_torch_npu_available():
-        torch.npu.empty_cache()
-    else:
-        torch.cuda.empty_cache()
-
-# close file
-file.close()

examples/research_projects/toxicity/scripts/gpt-j-6b-toxicity.py

@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Optional
-
-import torch
-from datasets import load_dataset
-from torch.optim import Adam
-from tqdm import tqdm
-from transformers import (
-    AutoModelForCausalLM,
-    AutoTokenizer,
-    HfArgumentParser,
-    RobertaForSequenceClassification,
-    RobertaTokenizer,
-    set_seed,
-)
-
-from trl import AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead, PPOConfig, PPOTrainer, create_reference_model
-from trl.core import LengthSampler
-
-
-tqdm.pandas()
-
-########################################################################
-# This is a fully working simple example to use trl with accelerate.
-#
-# This example fine-tunes a GPTJ model to generate less toxic contents
-# by using allenai/real-toxicity-prompts dataset. We use PPO
-#  (proximal policy optimization) to optimize the model.
-# in any of the following settings (with the same script):
-#   - single CPU or single GPU
-#   - multi GPUS (using PyTorch distributed mode)
-#   - multi GPUS (using DeepSpeed ZeRO-Offload stages 1 & 2)
-#   - fp16 (mixed-precision) or fp32 (normal precision)
-#
-# To run it in each of these various modes, first initialize the accelerate
-# configuration with `accelerate config`
-#
-########################################################################
-
-
-# We first define the configuration of the experiment, defining the model, the dataset,
-# the training parameters, and the PPO parameters.
-# Check the default arguments in the `PPOConfig` class for more details.
-# If you want to log with tensorboard, add the kwarg
-# `project_kwargs={"logging_dir": PATH_TO_LOGS}` to the PPOConfig.
-@dataclass
-class ScriptArguments:
-    """
-    The name of the Casual LM model we wish to fine-tune with PPO
-    """
-
-    # NOTE: gpt2 models use Conv1D instead of Linear layers which are not yet supported in 8 bit mode
-    # models like gpt-neo* models are more suitable.
-    model_name: Optional[str] = field(default="ybelkada/gpt-j-6b-sharded-bf16", metadata={"help": "the model name"})
-    log_with: Optional[str] = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "use 'wandb' to log with wandb"})
-    learning_rate: Optional[float] = field(default=(1.47e-5) * 2, metadata={"help": "the learning rate"})
-    mini_batch_size: Optional[int] = field(default=4, metadata={"help": "the PPO minibatch size"})
-    batch_size: Optional[int] = field(default=16, metadata={"help": "the batch size"})
-    gradient_accumulation_steps: Optional[int] = field(
-        default=1, metadata={"help": "the number of gradient accumulation steps"}
-    )
-    model_save_path: Optional[str] = field(
-        default="./gpt-j-6B-detoxified-long-context-26-shl-1e4-final",
-        metadata={"help": "the path to save the model"},
-    )
-
-
-parser = HfArgumentParser(ScriptArguments)
-script_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()[0]
-
-config = PPOConfig(
-    model_name=script_args.model_name,
-    learning_rate=script_args.learning_rate,
-    log_with=script_args.log_with,
-    ppo_epochs=100,
-    mini_batch_size=script_args.mini_batch_size,
-    batch_size=script_args.batch_size,
-    gradient_accumulation_steps=script_args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
-)
-
-
-# Below is an example function to build the dataset. In our case, we use the IMDB dataset
-# from the `datasets` library. One should customize this function to train the model on
-# its own dataset.
-def build_dataset(
-    config, dataset_name="allenai/real-toxicity-prompts", input_min_text_length=5, input_max_text_length=10
-):
-    """
-    Build dataset for training. This builds the dataset from `load_dataset`, one should
-    customize this function to train the model on its own dataset.
-
-    Args:
-        config (`PPOConfig`):
-            The configuration of the PPO training.
-        dataset_name (`str`):
-            The name of the dataset to be loaded.
-        input_min_text_length (`int`, defaults to 5):
-            The minimum length of the input text.
-        input_max_text_length (`int`, defaults to 10):
-            The maximum length of the input text.
-
-    Returns:
-        dataloader (`torch.utils.data.DataLoader`):
-            The dataloader for the dataset.
-    """
-    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(config.model_name)
-    tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
-
-    ds = load_dataset(dataset_name, split="train")
-
-    def filter_fn(sample):
-        toxicity = sample["prompt"]["toxicity"]
-        return toxicity is not None and toxicity > 0.3
-
-    ds = ds.filter(filter_fn, batched=False)
-
-    input_size = LengthSampler(input_min_text_length, input_max_text_length)
-
-    def tokenize(sample):
-        prompt = sample["prompt"]["text"]
-        continuation = sample["continuation"]["text"]
-
-        sample["input_ids"] = tokenizer.encode(prompt + continuation)[: input_size()]
-        sample["query"] = tokenizer.decode(sample["input_ids"])
-        return sample
-
-    ds = ds.map(tokenize, batched=False)
-    ds.set_format(type="torch")
-
-    ds = ds.train_test_split(test_size=0.2, shuffle=False)["train"]
-
-    return ds
-
-
-# We retrieve the dataloader by calling the `build_dataset` function.
-min_input_length = 30
-max_input_length = 40
-dataset = build_dataset(config, input_min_text_length=min_input_length, input_max_text_length=max_input_length)
-
-
-def collator(data):
-    return {key: [d[key] for d in data] for key in data[0]}
-
-
-# set seed before initializing value head for deterministic eval
-set_seed(config.seed)
-
-# Now let's build the model, the reference model, and the tokenizer. We first load the model
-# in bfloat16 to save memory using `transformers`.
-model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(config.model_name, dtype=torch.bfloat16)
-# And then we pass the loaded model to `AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead`.
-model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(model)
-
-# We create a reference model by sharing 20 layers
-ref_model = create_reference_model(model, num_shared_layers=20)
-
-# We make sure to use `Adam` optimizer on the model parameters that require gradients.
-optimizer = Adam(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, model.parameters()), lr=config.learning_rate)
-
-# GPT-2 / GPT-J tokenizer has a pad token, but it is not eos_token by default. We need to set it to eos_token.
-# only for this model.
-tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(config.model_name)
-tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
-
-# We then build the PPOTrainer, passing the model, the reference model, the tokenizer
-ppo_trainer = PPOTrainer(
-    config,
-    model,
-    ref_model=ref_model,
-    tokenizer=tokenizer,
-    dataset=dataset,
-    data_collator=collator,
-    optimizer=optimizer,
-)
-
-# We then build the reward pipeline, we will use the toxicity model to compute the reward.
-# We first load the toxicity model and tokenizer.
-toxicity_model_id = "facebook/roberta-hate-speech-dynabench-r4-target"
-toxicity_tokenizer = RobertaTokenizer.from_pretrained(toxicity_model_id)
-# We load the toxicity model in fp16 to save memory.
-toxicity_model = RobertaForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(toxicity_model_id, dtype=torch.float16).to(
-    ppo_trainer.accelerator.device
-)
-
-
-# We then define the arguments to pass to the `generate` function. These arguments
-# are passed to the `generate` function of the PPOTrainer, which is a wrapper around
-# the `generate` function of the trained model.
-generation_kwargs = {
-    "min_length": -1,
-    "top_k": 0.0,
-    "top_p": 1.0,
-    "do_sample": True,
-    "pad_token_id": tokenizer.eos_token_id,
-}
-output_min_length = 20
-output_max_length = 30
-output_length_sampler = LengthSampler(output_min_length, output_max_length)
-
-model_save_path = script_args.model_save_path
-
-for epoch, batch in tqdm(enumerate(ppo_trainer.dataloader)):
-    query_tensors = batch["input_ids"]
-
-    # Get response from the policy model
-    response_tensors = []
-    for query in query_tensors:
-        gen_len = output_length_sampler()
-        generation_kwargs["max_new_tokens"] = gen_len
-        response = ppo_trainer.generate(query, **generation_kwargs)
-        response_tensors.append(response.squeeze()[-gen_len:])
-    batch["response"] = [tokenizer.decode(r.squeeze()) for r in response_tensors]
-
-    # Compute sentiment score
-    texts = batch["response"]
-    toxicity_inputs = toxicity_tokenizer(texts, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors="pt").to(
-        ppo_trainer.accelerator.device
-    )
-    logits = toxicity_model(**toxicity_inputs).logits.float()
-    toxicity_labels = (logits[:, 0]).tolist()
-
-    rewards = [torch.tensor(output) for output in toxicity_labels]
-
-    # Run PPO step
-    stats = ppo_trainer.step(query_tensors, response_tensors, rewards)
-    ppo_trainer.log_stats(stats, batch, rewards)
-
-    # Save model every 100 epochs
-    if epoch % 100 == 0:
-        if ppo_trainer.accelerator.is_main_process:
-            ppo_trainer.save_pretrained(model_save_path)

examples/scripts/grpo_vlm.py

@@ -70,8 +70,6 @@ import os
 
 import torch
 from datasets import load_dataset
-from latex2sympy2_extended import NormalizationConfig
-from math_verify import LatexExtractionConfig, parse, verify
 
 from trl import (
     GRPOConfig,
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ from trl import (
     get_peft_config,
     get_quantization_config,
 )
-from trl.rewards import think_format_reward
+from trl.rewards import accuracy_reward, think_format_reward
 
 
 # Enable logging in a Hugging Face Space
@@ -149,54 +147,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     train_dataset = dataset["train"]
     eval_dataset = dataset["test"] if training_args.eval_strategy != "no" else None
 
-    ################
-    # Reward Function for Training
-    ################
-    def accuracy_reward(completions, solution: list[str], **kwargs):
-        """Reward function that checks if the completion matches the ground truth.
-        - If both gold and prediction are parseable → use math verification.
-        - If not parseable → compare as normalized text.
-        """
-        rewards = []
-        contents = [completion[0]["content"] for completion in completions]
-        for content, sol in zip(contents, solution):
-            try:
-                gold_parsed = parse(sol, extraction_mode="first_match")
-            except Exception:
-                gold_parsed = []
-
-            if len(gold_parsed) != 0:
-                # Try parsing predicted answer too
-                try:
-                    answer_parsed = parse(
-                        content,
-                        extraction_config=[
-                            LatexExtractionConfig(
-                                normalization_config=NormalizationConfig(
-                                    nits=False,
-                                    malformed_operators=False,
-                                    basic_latex=True,
-                                    boxed="all",
-                                    units=True,
-                                ),
-                                boxed_match_priority=0,
-                                try_extract_without_anchor=False,
-                            )
-                        ],
-                        extraction_mode="first_match",
-                    )
-                    reward = float(verify(gold_parsed, answer_parsed))
-                except Exception as e:
-                    print(f"verify failed: {e}, answer: {content}, gold: {sol}")
-                    reward = None
-            else:
-                # fallback to text match
-                reward = float(content.strip().lower() == sol.strip().lower())
-
-            rewards.append(reward)
-
-        return rewards
-
     ################
     # Training
     ################

examples/scripts/gspo.py

@@ -57,8 +57,6 @@ import os
 
 import torch
 from datasets import load_dataset
-from latex2sympy2_extended import NormalizationConfig
-from math_verify import LatexExtractionConfig, parse, verify
 
 from trl import (
     GRPOConfig,
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ from trl import (
     get_peft_config,
     get_quantization_config,
 )
-from trl.rewards import think_format_reward
+from trl.rewards import accuracy_reward, think_format_reward
 
 
 # Enable logging in a Hugging Face Space
@@ -120,54 +118,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     train_dataset = train_dataset.remove_columns(["messages", "problem"])
     eval_dataset = eval_dataset.remove_columns(["messages", "problem"])
 
-    ################
-    # Reward Function for Training
-    ################
-    def accuracy_reward(completions, solution: list[str], **kwargs):
-        """Reward function that checks if the completion matches the ground truth.
-        - If both gold and prediction are parseable → use math verification.
-        - If not parseable → compare as normalized text.
-        """
-        rewards = []
-        contents = [completion[0]["content"] for completion in completions]
-        for content, sol in zip(contents, solution):
-            try:
-                gold_parsed = parse(sol, extraction_mode="first_match")
-            except Exception:
-                gold_parsed = []
-
-            if len(gold_parsed) != 0:
-                # Try parsing predicted answer too
-                try:
-                    answer_parsed = parse(
-                        content,
-                        extraction_config=[
-                            LatexExtractionConfig(
-                                normalization_config=NormalizationConfig(
-                                    nits=False,
-                                    malformed_operators=False,
-                                    basic_latex=True,
-                                    boxed="all",
-                                    units=True,
-                                ),
-                                boxed_match_priority=0,
-                                try_extract_without_anchor=False,
-                            )
-                        ],
-                        extraction_mode="first_match",
-                    )
-                    reward = float(verify(gold_parsed, answer_parsed))
-                except Exception as e:
-                    print(f"verify failed: {e}, answer: {content}, gold: {sol}")
-                    reward = None
-            else:
-                # fallback to text match
-                reward = float(content.strip().lower() == sol.strip().lower())
-
-            rewards.append(reward)
-
-        return rewards
-
     ################
     # Training
     ################

examples/scripts/gspo_vlm.py

@@ -57,8 +57,6 @@ import os
 
 import torch
 from datasets import load_dataset
-from latex2sympy2_extended import NormalizationConfig
-from math_verify import LatexExtractionConfig, parse, verify
 
 from trl import (
     GRPOConfig,
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ from trl import (
     get_peft_config,
     get_quantization_config,
 )
-from trl.rewards import think_format_reward
+from trl.rewards import accuracy_reward, think_format_reward
 
 
 # Enable logging in a Hugging Face Space
@@ -136,54 +134,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     train_dataset = dataset["train"]
     eval_dataset = dataset["test"] if training_args.eval_strategy != "no" else None
 
-    ################
-    # Reward Function for Training
-    ################
-    def accuracy_reward(completions, solution: list[str], **kwargs):
-        """Reward function that checks if the completion matches the ground truth.
-        - If both gold and prediction are parseable → use math verification.
-        - If not parseable → compare as normalized text.
-        """
-        rewards = []
-        contents = [completion[0]["content"] for completion in completions]
-        for content, sol in zip(contents, solution):
-            try:
-                gold_parsed = parse(sol, extraction_mode="first_match")
-            except Exception:
-                gold_parsed = []
-
-            if len(gold_parsed) != 0:
-                # Try parsing predicted answer too
-                try:
-                    answer_parsed = parse(
-                        content,
-                        extraction_config=[
-                            LatexExtractionConfig(
-                                normalization_config=NormalizationConfig(
-                                    nits=False,
-                                    malformed_operators=False,
-                                    basic_latex=True,
-                                    boxed="all",
-                                    units=True,
-                                ),
-                                boxed_match_priority=0,
-                                try_extract_without_anchor=False,
-                            )
-                        ],
-                        extraction_mode="first_match",
-                    )
-                    reward = float(verify(gold_parsed, answer_parsed))
-                except Exception as e:
-                    print(f"verify failed: {e}, answer: {content}, gold: {sol}")
-                    reward = None
-            else:
-                # fallback to text match
-                reward = float(content.strip().lower() == sol.strip().lower())
-
-            rewards.append(reward)
-
-        return rewards
-
     ################
     # Training
     ################

examples/scripts/online_dpo_vlm.py

@@ -87,8 +87,6 @@ import os
 import torch
 import transformers
 from datasets import load_dataset
-from latex2sympy2_extended import NormalizationConfig
-from math_verify import LatexExtractionConfig, parse, verify
 from transformers import AutoConfig, AutoProcessor, GenerationConfig
 
 from trl import (
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ from trl import (
     get_peft_config,
     get_quantization_config,
 )
-from trl.rewards import think_format_reward
+from trl.rewards import accuracy_reward, think_format_reward
 
 
 # Enable logging in a Hugging Face Space
@@ -192,54 +190,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     train_dataset = dataset["train"]
     eval_dataset = dataset["test"] if training_args.eval_strategy != "no" else None
 
-    ################
-    # Reward Function for Training (same as GRPO VLM)
-    ################
-    def accuracy_reward(completions, solution: list[str], **kwargs):
-        """Reward function that checks if the completion matches the ground truth.
-        - If both gold and prediction are parseable → use math verification.
-        - If not parseable → compare as normalized text.
-        """
-        rewards = []
-        contents = [completion[0]["content"] for completion in completions]
-        for content, sol in zip(contents, solution):
-            try:
-                gold_parsed = parse(sol, extraction_mode="first_match")
-            except Exception:
-                gold_parsed = []
-
-            if len(gold_parsed) != 0:
-                # Try parsing predicted answer too
-                try:
-                    answer_parsed = parse(
-                        content,
-                        extraction_config=[
-                            LatexExtractionConfig(
-                                normalization_config=NormalizationConfig(
-                                    nits=False,
-                                    malformed_operators=False,
-                                    basic_latex=True,
-                                    boxed="all",
-                                    units=True,
-                                ),
-                                boxed_match_priority=0,
-                                try_extract_without_anchor=False,
-                            )
-                        ],
-                        extraction_mode="first_match",
-                    )
-                    reward = float(verify(gold_parsed, answer_parsed))
-                except Exception as e:
-                    print(f"verify failed: {e}, answer: {content}, gold: {sol}")
-                    reward = None
-            else:
-                # fallback to text match
-                reward = float(content.strip().lower() == sol.strip().lower())
-
-            rewards.append(reward)
-
-        return rewards
-
     ################
     # Training
     ################

examples/scripts/rloo.py

@@ -33,12 +33,10 @@ import os
 
 import torch
 from datasets import load_dataset
-from latex2sympy2_extended import NormalizationConfig
-from math_verify import LatexExtractionConfig, parse, verify
 from peft import LoraConfig
 
 from trl import RLOOConfig, RLOOTrainer
-from trl.rewards import think_format_reward
+from trl.rewards import accuracy_reward, think_format_reward
 
 
 # Enable logging in a Hugging Face Space
@@ -67,52 +65,6 @@ def main():
     train_dataset = train_dataset.map(make_conversation, remove_columns=["messages", "problem"])
     eval_dataset = eval_dataset.map(make_conversation, remove_columns=["messages", "problem"])
 
-    # Reward function for training
-    def accuracy_reward(completions, solution: list[str], **kwargs):
-        """Reward function that checks if the completion matches the ground truth.
-        - If both gold and prediction are parseable → use math verification.
-        - If not parseable → compare as normalized text.
-        """
-        rewards = []
-        contents = [completion[0]["content"] for completion in completions]
-        for content, sol in zip(contents, solution):
-            try:
-                gold_parsed = parse(sol, extraction_mode="first_match")
-            except Exception:
-                gold_parsed = []
-
-            if len(gold_parsed) != 0:
-                # Try parsing predicted answer too
-                try:
-                    answer_parsed = parse(
-                        content,
-                        extraction_config=[
-                            LatexExtractionConfig(
-                                normalization_config=NormalizationConfig(
-                                    nits=False,
-                                    malformed_operators=False,
-                                    basic_latex=True,
-                                    boxed="all",
-                                    units=True,
-                                ),
-                                boxed_match_priority=0,
-                                try_extract_without_anchor=False,
-                            )
-                        ],
-                        extraction_mode="first_match",
-                    )
-                    reward = float(verify(gold_parsed, answer_parsed))
-                except Exception as e:
-                    print(f"verify failed: {e}, answer: {content}, gold: {sol}")
-                    reward = None
-            else:
-                # fallback to text match
-                reward = float(content.strip().lower() == sol.strip().lower())
-
-            rewards.append(reward)
-
-        return rewards
-
     # Training
     training_args = RLOOConfig(
         output_dir="Qwen3-0.6B-RLOO",

examples/scripts/rloo_vlm.py

@@ -70,8 +70,6 @@ import os
 
 import torch
 from datasets import load_dataset
-from latex2sympy2_extended import NormalizationConfig
-from math_verify import LatexExtractionConfig, parse, verify
 
 from trl import (
     ModelConfig,
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ from trl import (
     get_peft_config,
     get_quantization_config,
 )
-from trl.rewards import think_format_reward
+from trl.rewards import accuracy_reward, think_format_reward
 
 
 # Enable logging in a Hugging Face Space
@@ -149,54 +147,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     train_dataset = dataset["train"]
     eval_dataset = dataset["test"] if training_args.eval_strategy != "no" else None
 
-    ################
-    # Reward Function for Training
-    ################
-    def accuracy_reward(completions, solution: list[str], **kwargs):
-        """Reward function that checks if the completion matches the ground truth.
-        - If both gold and prediction are parseable → use math verification.
-        - If not parseable → compare as normalized text.
-        """
-        rewards = []
-        contents = [completion[0]["content"] for completion in completions]
-        for content, sol in zip(contents, solution):
-            try:
-                gold_parsed = parse(sol, extraction_mode="first_match")
-            except Exception:
-                gold_parsed = []
-
-            if len(gold_parsed) != 0:
-                # Try parsing predicted answer too
-                try:
-                    answer_parsed = parse(
-                        content,
-                        extraction_config=[
-                            LatexExtractionConfig(
-                                normalization_config=NormalizationConfig(
-                                    nits=False,
-                                    malformed_operators=False,
-                                    basic_latex=True,
-                                    boxed="all",
-                                    units=True,
-                                ),
-                                boxed_match_priority=0,
-                                try_extract_without_anchor=False,
-                            )
-                        ],
-                        extraction_mode="first_match",
-                    )
-                    reward = float(verify(gold_parsed, answer_parsed))
-                except Exception as e:
-                    print(f"verify failed: {e}, answer: {content}, gold: {sol}")
-                    reward = None
-            else:
-                # fallback to text match
-                reward = float(content.strip().lower() == sol.strip().lower())
-
-            rewards.append(reward)
-
-        return rewards
-
     ################
     # Training
     ################

pyproject.toml

@@ -89,27 +89,36 @@ vlm = [
     "torchvision",
     "num2words==0.5.14"
 ]
+math_verify = [
+    "math-verify>=0.5.2",
+]
 dev = [
+    # bco
     "scikit-learn",
     "joblib",
+    # deepspeed
     "deepspeed>=0.14.4",
+    # judges
     "openai>=1.23.2",
     "llm-blender>=0.0.2",
+    # liger
     "liger-kernel>=0.6.2",
+    # peft
     "peft>=0.8.0",
+    # quality
     "pre-commit",
     "hf-doc-builder",
+    # quantization
     "bitsandbytes",
+    # scikit: included in bco
+    # test
     "parameterized",
     "pytest-cov",
     "pytest-rerunfailures==15.1",
     "pytest-xdist",
     "pytest",
-    "vllm==0.10.2",
-    "fastapi",
-    "pydantic",
-    "requests",
-    "uvicorn",
+    # vllm: not included in dev by default due to CUDA error; see GH-4228
+    # vlm
     "Pillow",
     "torchvision",
     "num2words==0.5.14"

scripts/log_example_reports.py

@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2020-2025 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import argparse
-import logging
-import os
-from datetime import date
-
-from tabulate import tabulate
-
-
-MAX_LEN_MESSAGE = 2900  # slack endpoint has a limit of 3001 characters
-
-parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-parser.add_argument("--slack_channel_name", default="trl-push-examples-ci")
-parser.add_argument("--text_file_name", required=True)
-
-
-def main(text_file_name, slack_channel_name=None):
-    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
-    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-    message = ""
-
-    if os.path.isfile(text_file_name):
-        final_results = {}
-
-        try:
-            with open(text_file_name) as file:
-                for line in file:
-                    result, config_name = line.strip().split(",")
-                    config_name = config_name.split("/")[-1].split(".yaml")[0]
-                    final_results[config_name] = int(result)
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error reading file {text_file_name}: {str(e)}")
-            final_results = {}
-
-        no_error_payload = {
-            "type": "section",
-            "text": {
-                "type": "plain_text",
-                "text": "🌞 There were no failures on the example tests!"
-                if not len(final_results) == 0
-                else "Something went wrong there is at least one empty file - please check GH action results.",
-                "emoji": True,
-            },
-        }
-
-        total_num_failed = sum(final_results.values())
-    else:
-        no_error_payload = {
-            "type": "section",
-            "text": {
-                "type": "plain_text",
-                "text": "❌ Something is wrong with the workflow please check ASAP!"
-                "Something went wrong there is no text file being produced. Please check ASAP.",
-                "emoji": True,
-            },
-        }
-
-        total_num_failed = 0
-
-    test_type_name = text_file_name.replace(".txt", "").replace("temp_results_", "").replace("_", " ").title()
-
-    payload = [
-        {
-            "type": "header",
-            "text": {
-                "type": "plain_text",
-                "text": "🤗 Results of the {} TRL {} example tests.".format(
-                    os.environ.get("TEST_TYPE", ""), test_type_name
-                ),
-            },
-        },
-    ]
-
-    if total_num_failed > 0:
-        message += f"{total_num_failed} failed tests for example tests!"
-
-        for test_name, failed in final_results.items():
-            failed_table = tabulate(
-                [[test_name, "✅" if not failed else "❌"]],
-                headers=["Test Name", "Status"],
-                showindex="always",
-                tablefmt="grid",
-                maxcolwidths=[12],
-            )
-            message += "\n```\n" + failed_table + "\n```"
-
-        print(f"### {message}")
-    else:
-        payload.append(no_error_payload)
-
-    if os.environ.get("TEST_TYPE", "") != "":
-        try:
-            from slack_sdk import WebClient
-        except ImportError:
-            logger.error("slack_sdk is not installed. Please install it to use Slack integration.")
-            return
-
-        if len(message) > MAX_LEN_MESSAGE:
-            print(f"Truncating long message from {len(message)} to {MAX_LEN_MESSAGE}")
-            message = message[:MAX_LEN_MESSAGE] + "..."
-
-        if len(message) != 0:
-            md_report = {
-                "type": "section",
-                "text": {"type": "mrkdwn", "text": message},
-            }
-            payload.append(md_report)
-            action_button = {
-                "type": "section",
-                "text": {"type": "mrkdwn", "text": "*For more details:*"},
-                "accessory": {
-                    "type": "button",
-                    "text": {"type": "plain_text", "text": "Check Action results", "emoji": True},
-                    "url": f"https://github.com/huggingface/trl/actions/runs/{os.environ['GITHUB_RUN_ID']}",
-                },
-            }
-            payload.append(action_button)
-
-        date_report = {
-            "type": "context",
-            "elements": [
-                {
-                    "type": "plain_text",
-                    "text": f"On Push - main {os.environ.get('TEST_TYPE')} test results for {date.today()}",
-                },
-            ],
-        }
-        payload.append(date_report)
-
-        print(payload)
-
-        try:
-            client = WebClient(token=os.environ.get("SLACK_API_TOKEN"))
-            response = client.chat_postMessage(channel=f"#{slack_channel_name}", text=message, blocks=payload)
-            if response["ok"]:
-                logger.info("Message sent successfully to Slack.")
-            else:
-                logger.error(f"Failed to send message to Slack: {response['error']}")
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error sending message to Slack: {str(e)}")
-
-    if __name__ == "__main__":
-        args = parser.parse_args()
-        main(args.text_file_name, args.slack_channel_name)

tests/conftest.py

@@ -12,17 +12,23 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from huggingface_hub import whoami
+import gc
+
+import pytest
+import torch
 
 
-model_name = "unsloth/Llama-3.2-3B"
-tokenizer_name = "unsloth/Llama-3.2-3B"
-dataset_name = "WillHeld/top_v2"
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def cleanup_gpu():
+    """
+    Automatically cleanup GPU memory after each test.
 
-output_root_dir = "./checkpoints/"
-hub_model_id = f"{whoami()['name']}/layerskip-{model_name.split('/')[1]}-{dataset_name.split('/')[1]}"
-output_dir = f"{output_root_dir}/{hub_model_id}"
-
-per_device_train_batch_size = 8
-gradient_accumulation_steps = 1
-learning_rate = 2e-5
+    This fixture helps prevent CUDA out of memory errors when running tests in parallel with pytest-xdist by ensuring
+    models and tensors are properly garbage collected and GPU memory caches are cleared between tests.
+    """
+    yield
+    # Cleanup after test
+    gc.collect()
+    if torch.cuda.is_available():
+        torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+        torch.cuda.synchronize()

tests/slow/test_grpo_slow.py

@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ class TestGRPOTrainerSlow(TrlTestCase):
             max_completion_length=self.max_length,
             report_to="none",
             logging_strategy="no",
+            loss_type="bnpo",  # liger-kernel does not support "dapo" default; see https://github.com/linkedin/Liger-Kernel/issues/620
         )
 
         model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name)
@@ -328,11 +329,11 @@ class TestGRPOTrainerSlow(TrlTestCase):
             assert lora_params_changed, "No LoRA parameters were updated during training."
 
         except torch.OutOfMemoryError as e:
-            self.skipTest(f"Skipping VLM training test due to insufficient GPU memory: {e}")
+            pytest.skip(f"Skipping VLM training test due to insufficient GPU memory: {e}")
         except Exception as e:
             # Check for other memory-related errors
             if any(keyword in str(e).lower() for keyword in ["memory", "cuda", "out of memory", "insufficient"]):
-                self.skipTest(f"Skipping VLM training test due to hardware constraints: {e}")
+                pytest.skip(f"Skipping VLM training test due to hardware constraints: {e}")
             else:
                 raise
 
@@ -473,11 +474,11 @@ class TestGRPOTrainerSlow(TrlTestCase):
                             "decrease gpu memory",
                         ]
                     ):
-                        self.skipTest(f"Skipping vLLM colocate test due to hardware constraints: {e}")
+                        pytest.skip(f"Skipping vLLM colocate test due to hardware constraints: {e}")
                     elif "KeyError" in str(e) and "RANK" in str(e):
-                        self.skipTest(f"Skipping vLLM colocate test due to environment setup issues: {e}")
+                        pytest.skip(f"Skipping vLLM colocate test due to environment setup issues: {e}")
                     elif "ValueError" in str(e) and "memory" in str(e).lower():
-                        self.skipTest(f"Skipping vLLM colocate test due to memory constraints: {e}")
+                        pytest.skip(f"Skipping vLLM colocate test due to memory constraints: {e}")
                     else:
                         raise
         finally:
@@ -540,11 +541,11 @@ class TestGRPOTrainerSlow(TrlTestCase):
                     "decrease gpu memory",
                 ]
             ):
-                self.skipTest(f"Skipping vLLM training test due to hardware constraints: {e}")
+                pytest.skip(f"Skipping vLLM training test due to hardware constraints: {e}")
             elif "KeyError" in str(e) and "RANK" in str(e):
-                self.skipTest(f"Skipping vLLM training test due to environment setup issues: {e}")
+                pytest.skip(f"Skipping vLLM training test due to environment setup issues: {e}")
             elif "ValueError" in str(e) and "memory" in str(e).lower():
-                self.skipTest(f"Skipping vLLM training test due to memory constraints: {e}")
+                pytest.skip(f"Skipping vLLM training test due to memory constraints: {e}")
             else:
                 raise
 

tests/slow/test_sft_slow.py

@@ -412,12 +412,12 @@ class TestSFTTrainerSlow(TrlTestCase):
             eval_dataset=self.eval_dataset,
         )
 
-        # Register cleanup now that we have the trainer
-        self.addCleanup(cleanup_liger_patches, trainer)
-
-        trainer.train()
-
-        release_memory(trainer.model, trainer)
+        # Ensure cleanup of liger patches after the test
+        try:
+            trainer.train()
+            release_memory(trainer.model, trainer)
+        finally:
+            cleanup_liger_patches(trainer)
 
     @parameterized.expand(list(itertools.product(MODELS_TO_TEST, PACKING_OPTIONS)))
     @require_torch_accelerator

tests/test_data_utils.py

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class TestPrepareMultimodalMessages:
 
         image = Image.new("RGB", (32, 32), color="red")
         messages = prepare_multimodal_messages(messages, images=[image])
-        
+
         expected = [
             {
                 "role": "system",
@@ -447,6 +447,29 @@ class TestApplyChatTemplate(TrlTestCase):
             assert isinstance(result["label"], bool)
             assert result["label"] == example["label"]
 
+    def test_apply_chat_template_with_chat_template_kwargs(self):
+        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-Qwen3ForCausalLM")
+
+        example = {
+            "prompt": [{"role": "user", "content": "What color is the sky?"}],
+            # with this tokenizer, when you pass enable_thinking=False, it will add "<think>\n\n</think>\n\n"
+            "chat_template_kwargs": {"enable_thinking": False},
+        }
+        result = apply_chat_template(example, tokenizer)
+
+        # docstyle-ignore
+        expected = textwrap.dedent("""\
+        <|im_start|>user
+        What color is the sky?<|im_end|>
+        <|im_start|>assistant
+        <think>
+
+        </think>
+
+        """)
+
+        assert result["prompt"] == expected
+
     def test_apply_chat_template_with_tools(self):
         tokenizer = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-LlamaForCausalLM-3.2")
 

tests/test_dataset_formatting.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 from typing import Callable
 
+import pytest
 from datasets import Dataset, load_dataset
 from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoTokenizer
 
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ from trl.models.utils import ChatMlSpecialTokens, clone_chat_template, setup_cha
 from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase
 
 
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::FutureWarning")
 class TestDatasetFormatting(TrlTestCase):
     def setup_method(self):
         self.llama_tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-MistralForCausalLM-0.1")

tests/test_dpo_trainer.py

@@ -33,12 +33,18 @@ from transformers import (
 from transformers.testing_utils import (
     get_device_properties,
     require_liger_kernel,
-    require_torch_gpu_if_bnb_not_multi_backend_enabled,
 )
 
 from trl import DPOConfig, DPOTrainer, FDivergenceType
 
-from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase, require_bitsandbytes, require_no_wandb, require_peft, require_vision
+from .testing_utils import (
+    TrlTestCase,
+    require_bitsandbytes,
+    require_no_wandb,
+    require_peft,
+    require_torch_gpu_if_bnb_not_multi_backend_enabled,
+    require_vision,
+)
 
 
 if is_vision_available():
@@ -636,6 +642,7 @@ class TestDPOTrainer(TrlTestCase):
     def test_dpo_lora_bf16_autocast_llama(self):
         # Note this test only works on compute capability > 7 GPU devices
         from peft import LoraConfig
+        from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig
 
         model_id = "trl-internal-testing/tiny-Qwen2ForCausalLM-2.5"
         tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
@@ -649,7 +656,9 @@ class TestDPOTrainer(TrlTestCase):
         )
 
         # lora model
-        model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, load_in_4bit=True)
+        model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
+            model_id, quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True)
+        )
 
         training_args = DPOConfig(
             output_dir=self.tmp_dir,
@@ -719,6 +728,7 @@ class TestDPOTrainer(TrlTestCase):
     )
     def test_dpo_lora_bf16_autocast(self, loss_type, pre_compute, gen_during_eval):
         from peft import LoraConfig
+        from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig
 
         lora_config = LoraConfig(
             r=16,
@@ -729,7 +739,9 @@ class TestDPOTrainer(TrlTestCase):
         )
 
         # lora model
-        model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(self.model_id, load_in_4bit=True)
+        model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
+            self.model_id, quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True)
+        )
 
         training_args = DPOConfig(
             output_dir=self.tmp_dir,
@@ -1410,6 +1422,7 @@ class TestDPOVisionTrainer(TrlTestCase):
             # ("trl-internal-testing/tiny-PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration",),
             ("trl-internal-testing/tiny-LlavaForConditionalGeneration",),
             ("trl-internal-testing/tiny-LlavaNextForConditionalGeneration",),
+            ("trl-internal-testing/tiny-Gemma3ForConditionalGeneration",),
         ]
     )
     def test_vdpo_trainer(self, model_id):

tests/test_gkd_trainer.py

@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class TestGKDTrainer(TrlTestCase):
 
         # Ensure liger fused JSD path is enabled; if not, skip (runtime may lack system libs)
         if not getattr(trainer, "use_liger_gkd_loss", False):
-            self.skipTest("Liger fused JSD not enabled at runtime; skipping fused-loss assertion")
+            pytest.skip("Liger fused JSD not enabled at runtime; skipping fused-loss assertion")
 
         trainer.train()
 

tests/test_judges.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import sys
 import time
 
 import pytest
@@ -59,6 +60,9 @@ class TestJudges(TrlTestCase):
         raise ValueError("Failed to load PairRMJudge")
 
     @require_llm_blender
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        sys.version_info[:3] == (3, 13, 8), reason="Python 3.13.8 has a bug in inspect.BlockFinder (cpython GH-139783)"
+    )
     def test_pair_rm_judge(self):
         judge = self.load_pair_rm_judge()
         prompts, completions = self._get_prompts_and_pairwise_completions()
@@ -68,6 +72,9 @@ class TestJudges(TrlTestCase):
         assert ranks == [0, 1]
 
     @require_llm_blender
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        sys.version_info[:3] == (3, 13, 8), reason="Python 3.13.8 has a bug in inspect.BlockFinder (cpython GH-139783)"
+    )
     def test_pair_rm_judge_return_scores(self):
         judge = self.load_pair_rm_judge()
         prompts, completions = self._get_prompts_and_pairwise_completions()

tests/test_peft_models.py

@@ -16,12 +16,11 @@ import os
 
 import torch
 from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM
-from transformers.testing_utils import require_torch_gpu_if_bnb_not_multi_backend_enabled
 from transformers.utils import is_peft_available
 
 from trl import AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead
 
-from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase, require_peft
+from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase, require_peft, require_torch_gpu_if_bnb_not_multi_backend_enabled
 
 
 if is_peft_available():
@@ -102,9 +101,12 @@ class TestPeftModel(TrlTestCase):
         Simply creates a peft model and checks that it can be loaded.
         """
         from bitsandbytes.nn import Linear8bitLt
+        from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig
 
         trl_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(
-            self.causal_lm_model_id, peft_config=self.lora_config, load_in_8bit=True
+            self.causal_lm_model_id,
+            peft_config=self.lora_config,
+            quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_8bit=True),
         )
         # Check that the number of trainable parameters is correct
         nb_trainable_params = sum(p.numel() for p in trl_model.parameters() if p.requires_grad)
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ class TestPeftModel(TrlTestCase):
         assert isinstance(trl_model.pretrained_model.model.model.layers[0].mlp.gate_proj, Linear8bitLt)
 
         causal_lm_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
-            self.causal_lm_model_id, load_in_8bit=True, device_map="auto"
+            self.causal_lm_model_id, quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_8bit=True), device_map="auto"
         )
         trl_model = AutoModelForCausalLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(causal_lm_model, peft_config=self.lora_config)
         # Check that the number of trainable parameters is correct

tests/test_rewards.py

@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 
-from trl.rewards import get_soft_overlong_punishment, think_format_reward
+from trl.rewards import accuracy_reward, get_soft_overlong_punishment, think_format_reward
 
-from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase
+from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase, require_math_latex
 
 
 class TestThinkFormatReward(TrlTestCase):
@@ -85,3 +85,60 @@ class TestSoftOverlongPunishmentReward:
         completion_ids = [[1] * 90]  # 90 is between 80 and 100
         rewards = reward_fn(completion_ids)
         assert round(abs(rewards[0] - -0.5), 4) == 0
+
+
+class TestAccuracyReward:
+    @require_math_latex
+    def test_accuracy_reward_correct_answer(self):
+        """Test accuracy_reward with a correct answer."""
+        completion = [[{"content": r"\boxed{\frac{63}{400}}"}], [{"content": r"\boxed{\frac{63}{400}}"}]]
+        solution = [r"\frac{63}{400}", "63/400"]
+        rewards = accuracy_reward(completion, solution)
+        assert rewards[0] == 1.0
+        assert rewards[1] == 1.0
+
+    @require_math_latex
+    def test_accuracy_reward_wrong_answer(self):
+        """Test accuracy_reward with an incorrect answer."""
+        completion = [[{"content": r"\boxed{\frac{64}{400}}"}]]
+        solution = [r"\frac{63}{400}"]
+        rewards = accuracy_reward(completion, solution)
+        assert rewards[0] == 0.0
+
+    @require_math_latex
+    def test_accuracy_reward_wrong_answer_no_latex(self):
+        """Test accuracy_reward with an incorrect answer and gold solution with no latex."""
+        completion = [[{"content": r"\boxed{3}"}]]
+        solution = ["6"]
+        rewards = accuracy_reward(completion, solution)
+        assert rewards[0] == 0.0
+
+    @require_math_latex
+    def test_accuracy_reward_unparseable_gold(self):
+        """Test accuracy_reward with an unparseable gold solution."""
+        completion = [
+            [{"content": "Answer is forty two."}],
+            [{"content": "Some other content."}],
+            [{"content": r"Answer is \boxed{42}."}],
+            [{"content": r"Answer is \boxed{\mathbf{42}}."}],  # Make response bold
+            [{"content": r"Answer is \boxed{\textbf{42}}."}],  # Different latex command for bold
+            [{"content": r"Answer is \boxed{42}."}],
+            [{"content": r"Answer is \boxed{42.3456}."}],
+        ]
+        solution = [
+            "Answer is forty two.",
+            "Answer is forty three.",
+            "Answer is 42.0",  # Decimal point
+            "Answer is 42 43 okay?",  # Extra space
+            "Answer is 42",
+            r"Answer is \n\boxed{42}",  # Newline in gold solution
+            "Answer is 42.34560",  # Extra trailing zero
+        ]
+        rewards = accuracy_reward(completion, solution)
+        assert rewards[0] == 1.0  # Should revert to exact text match
+        assert rewards[1] == 0.0
+        assert rewards[2] == 1.0
+        assert rewards[3] == 1.0
+        assert rewards[4] == 1.0
+        assert rewards[5] == 1.0
+        assert rewards[6] == 1.0  # Should ignore trailing zeros

tests/test_rich_progress_callback.py

@@ -63,4 +63,3 @@ class TestRichProgressCallback(TrlTestCase):
         )
 
         trainer.train()
-        trainer.train()

tests/test_sft_trainer.py

@@ -32,7 +32,15 @@ from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase, ignore_warnings, require_bitsandbytes, r
 
 
 if is_peft_available():
-    from peft import LoraConfig, PeftModel, PromptEncoderConfig, TaskType, get_peft_model
+    from peft import (
+        LoraConfig,
+        PeftModel,
+        PrefixTuningConfig,
+        PromptEncoderConfig,
+        PromptTuningConfig,
+        TaskType,
+        get_peft_model,
+    )
 
 
 class TestDFTLoss(TrlTestCase):
@@ -453,7 +461,7 @@ class TestSFTTrainer(TrlTestCase):
             assert not torch.allclose(param, new_param), f"Parameter {n} has not changed"
 
     @require_peft
-    def test_train_dense_with_peft_config(self):
+    def test_train_dense_with_peft_config_lora(self):
         # Get the base model parameter names
         model_id = "trl-internal-testing/tiny-Qwen2ForCausalLM-2.5"
         model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)
@@ -489,6 +497,66 @@ class TestSFTTrainer(TrlTestCase):
             elif "base_layer" not in n:  # We expect the peft parameters to be different (except for the base layer)
                 assert not torch.allclose(param, new_param), f"Parameter {n} has not changed"
 
+    @parameterized.expand(
+        [
+            ("prompt_tuning",),
+            ("prefix_tuning",),
+            ("prompt_encoder",),
+        ]
+    )
+    @require_peft
+    def test_train_with_peft_config_prompt_tuning(self, peft_type):
+        # Get the base model parameter names
+        model_id = "trl-internal-testing/tiny-Qwen2ForCausalLM-2.5"
+        model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)
+        base_param_names = [f"base_model.{n}" for n, _ in model.named_parameters()]
+
+        # Get the dataset
+        dataset = load_dataset("trl-internal-testing/zen", "standard_language_modeling", split="train")
+
+        # Initialize the trainer, p-tuning doesn't support gradient checkpointing
+        training_args = SFTConfig(bf16=False, output_dir=self.tmp_dir, report_to="none", gradient_checkpointing=False)
+        if peft_type == "prompt_tuning":
+            peft_config = PromptTuningConfig(
+                task_type=TaskType.CAUSAL_LM,
+                num_virtual_tokens=4,
+                tokenizer_name_or_path="trl-internal-testing/tiny-Qwen2ForCausalLM-2.5",
+            )
+        elif peft_type == "prefix_tuning":
+            peft_config = PrefixTuningConfig(
+                task_type=TaskType.CAUSAL_LM,
+                num_virtual_tokens=4,
+            )
+        elif peft_type == "prompt_encoder":
+            peft_config = PromptEncoderConfig(
+                task_type=TaskType.CAUSAL_LM,
+                num_virtual_tokens=4,
+                encoder_hidden_size=model.config.hidden_size,  # This will be overwritten below
+            )
+        trainer = SFTTrainer(
+            model=model_id,
+            args=training_args,
+            train_dataset=dataset,
+            peft_config=peft_config,
+        )
+
+        # Save the initial parameters to compare them later
+        previous_trainable_params = {n: param.clone() for n, param in trainer.model.named_parameters()}
+
+        # Train the model
+        trainer.train()
+
+        # Check that the training loss is not None
+        assert trainer.state.log_history[-1]["train_loss"] is not None
+
+        # Check the peft params have changed and the base model params have not changed
+        for n, param in previous_trainable_params.items():
+            new_param = trainer.model.get_parameter(n)
+            if n in base_param_names:  # We expect the base model parameters to be the same
+                assert torch.allclose(param, new_param), f"Parameter {n} has changed"
+            else:  # We expect the peft parameters to be different
+                assert not torch.allclose(param, new_param), f"Parameter {n} has not changed"
+
     @require_peft
     def test_train_moe_with_peft_config(self):
         # Get the base model parameter names
@@ -1373,10 +1441,43 @@ class TestSFTTrainer(TrlTestCase):
             new_param = trainer.model.get_parameter(n)
             assert not torch.allclose(param, new_param, rtol=1e-12, atol=1e-12), f"Param {n} is not updated"
 
+    # Special case for Gemma, as it uses token_type_ids, and we need to ensure they are properly in the collator.
+    @require_vision
+    def test_train_vlm_prompt_completion_gemma(self):
+        # Get the dataset
+        dataset = load_dataset("trl-internal-testing/zen-image", "conversational_prompt_completion", split="train")
+
+        # Initialize the trainer
+        training_args = SFTConfig(
+            output_dir=self.tmp_dir,
+            max_length=None,  # For VLMs, truncating can remove image tokens, leading to errors
+            report_to="none",
+        )
+        trainer = SFTTrainer(
+            model="trl-internal-testing/tiny-Gemma3ForConditionalGeneration",
+            args=training_args,
+            train_dataset=dataset,
+        )
+
+        # Save the initial parameters to compare them later
+        previous_trainable_params = {n: param.clone() for n, param in trainer.model.named_parameters()}
+
+        # Train the model
+        trainer.train()
+
+        # Check that the training loss is not None
+        assert trainer.state.log_history[-1]["train_loss"] is not None
+
+        # Check the params have changed
+        for n, param in previous_trainable_params.items():
+            new_param = trainer.model.get_parameter(n)
+            assert not torch.allclose(param, new_param, rtol=1e-12, atol=1e-12), f"Param {n} is not updated"
+
     # Gemma 3n uses a timm encoder, making it difficult to create a smaller variant for testing.
     # To ensure coverage, we run tests on the full model but mark them as slow to exclude from default runs.
     @pytest.mark.slow
     @require_vision
+    @pytest.mark.skip(reason="Model google/gemma-3n-E2B-it is gated and requires HF token")
     def test_train_vlm_gemma_3n(self):
         # Get the dataset
         dataset = load_dataset("trl-internal-testing/zen-image", "conversational_language_modeling", split="train")

tests/test_vllm_client_server.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from transformers.testing_utils import require_torch_multi_accelerator, torch_de
 from trl.extras.vllm_client import VLLMClient
 from trl.scripts.vllm_serve import chunk_list
 
-from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase, kill_process, require_3_accelerators
+from .testing_utils import TrlTestCase, kill_process, require_3_accelerators, require_vllm
 
 
 class TestChunkList(TrlTestCase):
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ class TestChunkList(TrlTestCase):
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
 @require_torch_multi_accelerator
+@require_vllm
 class TestVLLMClientServer(TrlTestCase):
     model_id = "Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B"
 
@@ -212,6 +213,7 @@ class TestVLLMClientServerBaseURL(TrlTestCase):
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
 @require_3_accelerators
+@require_vllm
 class TestVLLMClientServerTP(TrlTestCase):
     model_id = "Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B"
 
@@ -274,6 +276,7 @@ class TestVLLMClientServerTP(TrlTestCase):
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
 @require_3_accelerators
+@require_vllm
 class TestVLLMClientServerDP(TrlTestCase):
     model_id = "Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B"
 
@@ -336,6 +339,7 @@ class TestVLLMClientServerDP(TrlTestCase):
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
 @require_torch_multi_accelerator
+@require_vllm
 class TestVLLMClientServerDeviceParameter(TrlTestCase):
     """Test the device parameter functionality in init_communicator."""
 

tests/testing_utils.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import functools
 import random
 import signal
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Callable
 
 import psutil
 import pytest
@@ -25,12 +26,19 @@ from transformers.testing_utils import torch_device
 from transformers.utils import is_peft_available, is_rich_available, is_vision_available
 
 from trl import BaseBinaryJudge, BasePairwiseJudge
-from trl.import_utils import is_joblib_available, is_llm_blender_available, is_mergekit_available, is_vllm_available
+from trl.import_utils import (
+    is_joblib_available,
+    is_llm_blender_available,
+    is_math_verify_available,
+    is_mergekit_available,
+    is_vllm_available,
+)
 
 
 require_bitsandbytes = pytest.mark.skipif(not is_bitsandbytes_available(), reason="test requires bitsandbytes")
 require_comet = pytest.mark.skipif(not is_comet_available(), reason="test requires comet_ml")
 require_llm_blender = pytest.mark.skipif(not is_llm_blender_available(), reason="test requires llm-blender")
+require_math_latex = pytest.mark.skipif(not is_math_verify_available(), reason="test requires math_verify")
 require_mergekit = pytest.mark.skipif(not is_mergekit_available(), reason="test requires mergekit")
 require_peft = pytest.mark.skipif(not is_peft_available(), reason="test requires peft")
 require_rich = pytest.mark.skipif(not is_rich_available(), reason="test requires rich")
@@ -46,6 +54,21 @@ require_3_accelerators = pytest.mark.skipif(
 )
 
 
+def is_bitsandbytes_multi_backend_available() -> bool:
+    if is_bitsandbytes_available():
+        import bitsandbytes as bnb
+
+        return "multi_backend" in getattr(bnb, "features", set())
+    return False
+
+
+# Function ported from transformers.testing_utils before transformers#41283
+require_torch_gpu_if_bnb_not_multi_backend_enabled = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not is_bitsandbytes_multi_backend_available() and not torch_device == "cuda",
+    reason="test requires bitsandbytes multi-backend enabled or 'cuda' torch device",
+)
+
+
 class RandomBinaryJudge(BaseBinaryJudge):
     """
     Random binary judge, for testing purposes.
@@ -73,7 +96,7 @@ class TrlTestCase:
         self.tmp_dir = str(tmp_path)
 
 
-def ignore_warnings(message: str = None, category: type[Warning] = Warning) -> callable:
+def ignore_warnings(message: str = None, category: type[Warning] = Warning) -> Callable:
     """
     Decorator to ignore warnings with a specific message and/or category.
 

trl/__init__.py

@@ -12,13 +12,26 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import sys
+import warnings
 from importlib.metadata import PackageNotFoundError, version
-from pathlib import Path
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from .import_utils import _LazyModule
 
 
+if sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 9):
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "Support for Python 3.9 will be dropped in the next release "
+            "(after its end-of-life on October 31, 2025). "
+            "Please upgrade to Python 3.10 or newer."
+        ),
+        category=FutureWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+
+
 try:
     __version__ = version("trl")
 except PackageNotFoundError:

trl/data_utils.py

@@ -30,14 +30,15 @@ DatasetType = TypeVar("DatasetType", Dataset, DatasetDict)
 
 
 def prepare_multimodal_messages(messages: list[dict[str, Any]], images: list) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    # docstyle-ignore  # because <Image> is not parsable in the code block
     """
     Convert messages into a structured multimodal format and inject the provided images into the message contents.
 
     Args:
         messages (`list[dict[str, Any]]`):
-            Messages with `"role"` and `"content"`. Content may be a raw string before transformation.
-            List of messages a `"role"` key (`"system"`, `"user"`, or `"assistant"`) and a `"content"` key containing
-            either a string or a list of structured blocks if already prepared.
+            Messages with `"role"` and `"content"`. Content may be a raw string before transformation. List of messages
+            a `"role"` key (`"system"`, `"user"`, or `"assistant"`) and a `"content"` key containing either a string or
+            a list of structured blocks if already prepared.
         images (`list`):
             List of image objects to insert.
 
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ def prepare_multimodal_messages(messages: list[dict[str, Any]], images: list) ->
 
     # Output, one image provided
     [
-        {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": <Image>}, {"type": "text", "text": "What's in this image?"}]},
+        {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": <PIL.Image.Image>}, {"type": "text", "text": "What's in this image?"}]},
         {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "It looks like a cat."}]},
     ]
     ```
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ def prepare_multimodal_messages(messages: list[dict[str, Any]], images: list) ->
 
 
 def prepare_multimodal_messages_vllm(messages: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    # docstyle-ignore  # because <Image> is not parsable in the code block
     """
     Convert structured multimodal messages into a format compatible with vLLM. Replaces `"type": "image"` blocks with
     `"type": "image_pil"` blocks, and `"image": Image` with `"image_pil": Image`.
@@ -124,10 +126,10 @@ def prepare_multimodal_messages_vllm(messages: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dic
     Example:
     ```python
     # Input
-    [{"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": <Image>}, {"type": "text", "text": "What's in this image?"}]}]
+    [{"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", "image": <PIL.Image.Image>}, {"type": "text", "text": "What's in this image?"}]}]
 
     # Output
-    [{"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image_pil", "image_pil": <Image>}, {"type": "text", "text": "What's in this image?"}]}]
+    [{"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image_pil", "image_pil": <PIL.Image.Image>}, {"type": "text", "text": "What's in this image?"}]}]
     ```
     """
     messages = copy.deepcopy(messages)  # avoid modifying the original messages
@@ -206,7 +208,13 @@ def apply_chat_template(
 
     # Apply the chat template to the whole conversation
     if "messages" in example:
-        messages = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(example["messages"], tools=tools, tokenize=False, **template_kwargs)
+        messages = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
+            example["messages"],
+            tools=tools,
+            tokenize=False,
+            **example.get("chat_template_kwargs", {}),
+            **template_kwargs,
+        )
 
     # Apply the chat template to the prompt, adding the generation prompt
     if "prompt" in example:
@@ -225,6 +233,7 @@ def apply_chat_template(
             continue_final_message=continue_final_message,
             tokenize=False,
             add_generation_prompt=add_generation_prompt,
+            **example.get("chat_template_kwargs", {}),
             **template_kwargs,
         )
 
@@ -232,7 +241,11 @@ def apply_chat_template(
     if "prompt" in example:  # explicit prompt and prompt-completion case
         if "chosen" in example:
             prompt_chosen = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
-                example["prompt"] + example["chosen"], tools=tools, tokenize=False, **template_kwargs
+                example["prompt"] + example["chosen"],
+                tools=tools,
+                tokenize=False,
+                **example.get("chat_template_kwargs", {}),
+                **template_kwargs,
             )
             # DeepSeek-R1 inserts a <tool_call> token when using `add_generation_prompt`, which can cause discrepancies
             # between the prompt alone and the combined prompt+completion. To ensure consistency, we extract the
@@ -242,24 +255,42 @@ def apply_chat_template(
             chosen = prompt_chosen[len(prompt) :]
         if "rejected" in example and "prompt" in example:  # explicit prompt
             prompt_rejected = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
-                example["prompt"] + example["rejected"], tools=tools, tokenize=False, **template_kwargs
+                example["prompt"] + example["rejected"],
+                tools=tools,
+                tokenize=False,
+                **example.get("chat_template_kwargs", {}),
+                **template_kwargs,
             )
             # Handle DeepSeek-R1 <tool_call> token, see the above comment for details
             prompt = "".join(x for x, _ in takewhile(lambda x: x[0] == x[1], zip(prompt, prompt_rejected)))
             rejected = prompt_rejected[len(prompt) :]
         if "completion" in example:
             prompt_completion = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
-                example["prompt"] + example["completion"], tools=tools, tokenize=False, **template_kwargs
+                example["prompt"] + example["completion"],
+                tools=tools,
+                tokenize=False,
+                **example.get("chat_template_kwargs", {}),
+                **template_kwargs,
             )
             # Handle DeepSeek-R1 <tool_call> token, see the above comment for details
             prompt = "".join(x for x, _ in takewhile(lambda x: x[0] == x[1], zip(prompt, prompt_completion)))
             completion = prompt_completion[len(prompt) :]
     else:  # implicit prompt case
         if "chosen" in example:
-            chosen = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(example["chosen"], tools=tools, tokenize=False, **template_kwargs)
+            chosen = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
+                example["chosen"],
+                tools=tools,
+                tokenize=False,
+                **example.get("chat_template_kwargs", {}),
+                **template_kwargs,
+            )
         if "rejected" in example:
             rejected = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
-                example["rejected"], tools=tools, tokenize=False, **template_kwargs
+                example["rejected"],
+                tools=tools,
+                tokenize=False,
+                **example.get("chat_template_kwargs", {}),
+                **template_kwargs,
             )
 
     # Extract the completion by removing the prompt part from the prompt-completion string
@@ -302,8 +333,10 @@ def maybe_apply_chat_template(
                 - Unpaired preference dataset: `"prompt"`, `"completion"`, and `"label"`.
 
             For keys `"messages"`, `"prompt"`, `"chosen"`, `"rejected"`, and `"completion"`, the values are lists of
-            messages, where each message is a dictionary with keys `"role"` and `"content"`.
-        tokenizer (`PreTrainedTokenizerBase`):
+            messages, where each message is a dictionary with keys `"role"` and `"content"`. Additionally, the example
+            may contain a `"chat_template_kwargs"` key, which is a dictionary of additional keyword arguments to pass
+            to the chat template renderer.
+        tokenizer ([`~transformers.PreTrainedTokenizerBase`]):
             Tokenizer to apply the chat template with.
         tools (`list[Union[dict, Callable]]`, *optional*):
             A list of tools (callable functions) that will be accessible to the model. If the template does not support
@@ -360,7 +393,7 @@ def unpair_preference_dataset(
     Unpair a preference dataset.
 
     Args:
-        dataset (`Dataset` or `DatasetDict`):
+        dataset ([`~datasets.Dataset`] or [`~datasets.DatasetDict`]):
             Preference dataset to unpair. The dataset must have columns `"chosen"`, `"rejected"` and optionally
             `"prompt"`.
         num_proc (`int`, *optional*):
@@ -369,7 +402,7 @@ def unpair_preference_dataset(
             Meaningful description to be displayed alongside with the progress bar while mapping examples.
 
     Returns:
-        `Dataset`: The unpaired preference dataset.
+        [`~datasets.Dataset`]: The unpaired preference dataset.
 
     Example:
 
@@ -403,7 +436,7 @@ def maybe_unpair_preference_dataset(
     Unpair a preference dataset if it is paired.
 
     Args:
-        dataset (`Dataset` or `DatasetDict`):
+        dataset ([`~datasets.Dataset`] or [`~datasets.DatasetDict`]):
             Preference dataset to unpair. The dataset must have columns `"chosen"`, `"rejected"` and optionally
             `"prompt"`.
         num_proc (`int`, *optional*):
@@ -412,7 +445,8 @@ def maybe_unpair_preference_dataset(
             Meaningful description to be displayed alongside with the progress bar while mapping examples.
 
     Returns:
-        `Dataset` or `DatasetDict`: The unpaired preference dataset if it was paired, otherwise the original dataset.
+        [`~datasets.Dataset`] or [`~datasets.DatasetDict`]: The unpaired preference dataset if it was paired, otherwise
+        the original dataset.
 
     Example:
 
@@ -505,7 +539,7 @@ def maybe_extract_prompt(example: dict[str, list]) -> dict[str, list]:
      'rejected': [{'role': 'assistant', 'content': 'It is green.'}]}
     ```
 
-    Or, with the `map` method of `datasets.Dataset`:
+    Or, with the `map` method of [`~datasets.Dataset`]:
 
     ```python
     >>> from trl import extract_prompt
@@ -696,7 +730,7 @@ def pack_dataset(
     Pack sequences in a dataset into chunks of size `seq_length`.
 
     Args:
-        dataset (`Dataset` or `DatasetDict`):
+        dataset ([`~datasets.Dataset`] or [`~datasets.DatasetDict`]):
             Dataset to pack
         seq_length (`int`):
             Target sequence length to pack to.
@@ -711,8 +745,8 @@ def pack_dataset(
             Additional keyword arguments to pass to the dataset's map method when packing examples.
 
     Returns:
-        `Dataset` or `DatasetDict`: The dataset with packed sequences. The number of examples may decrease as sequences
-        are combined.
+        [`~datasets.Dataset`] or [`~datasets.DatasetDict`]: The dataset with packed sequences. The number of examples
+        may decrease as sequences are combined.
 
     Example:
     ```python
@@ -752,7 +786,7 @@ def truncate_dataset(
     Truncate sequences in a dataset to a specified `max_length`.
 
     Args:
-        dataset (`Dataset` or `DatasetDict`):
+        dataset ([`~datasets.Dataset`] or [`~datasets.DatasetDict`]):
             Dataset to truncate.
         max_length (`int`):
             Maximum sequence length to truncate to.
@@ -760,7 +794,7 @@ def truncate_dataset(
             Additional keyword arguments to pass to the dataset's map method when truncating examples.
 
     Returns:
-        `Dataset` or `DatasetDict`: The dataset with truncated sequences.
+        [`~datasets.Dataset`] or [`~datasets.DatasetDict`]: The dataset with truncated sequences.
 
     Example:
     ```python

trl/extras/best_of_n_sampler.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import warnings
 from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
 
 import torch
@@ -42,8 +43,16 @@ class BestOfNSampler:
         generation_config ([`~transformers.GenerationConfig`], *optional*):
             Generation config passed to the underlying model's `generate` method. See
             [`~transformers.GenerationConfig`] for more details.
+
+    <Deprecated version="0.24.0">
+
+    `BestOfNSampler` is deprecated and will be removed in version 0.25.
+
+    </Deprecated>
     """
 
+    warnings.warn("`BestOfNSampler` is deprecated and will be removed in TRL 0.25.", FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         model: PreTrainedModelWrapper,

trl/extras/dataset_formatting.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
+import warnings
 from typing import Callable, Literal, Optional
 
 import datasets
@@ -41,7 +42,20 @@ def conversations_formatting_function(
     r"""
     return a callable function that takes in a "messages" dataset and returns a formatted dataset, based on the
     tokenizer apply chat template to the dataset along with the schema of the list of functions in the tools list.
+
+    <Deprecated version="0.24.0">
+
+    `conversations_formatting_function` is deprecated and will be removed in version 0.27. Please use
+    `tokenizer.apply_chat_template()` directly instead.
+
+    </Deprecated>
     """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "`conversations_formatting_function` is deprecated and will be removed in TRL 0.27. "
+        "Please use `tokenizer.apply_chat_template()` directly instead.",
+        FutureWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
 
     def format_dataset(examples):
         if isinstance(examples[messages_field][0], list):
@@ -61,7 +75,20 @@ def instructions_formatting_function(tokenizer: AutoTokenizer):
     r"""
     return a callable function that takes in an "instructions" dataset and returns a formatted dataset, based on the
     tokenizer apply chat template to the dataset
+
+    <Deprecated version="0.24.0">
+
+    `instructions_formatting_function` is deprecated and will be removed in version 0.27. Please use
+    `tokenizer.apply_chat_template()` directly instead.
+
+    </Deprecated>
     """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "`instructions_formatting_function` is deprecated and will be removed in TRL 0.27. "
+        "Please use `tokenizer.apply_chat_template()` directly instead.",
+        FutureWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
 
     def format_dataset(examples):
         if isinstance(examples["prompt"], list):
@@ -99,7 +126,21 @@ def get_formatting_func_from_dataset(
 
     Returns:
         Callable: Formatting function if the dataset format is supported else None
+
+    <Deprecated version="0.24.0">
+
+    `get_formatting_func_from_dataset` is deprecated and will be removed in version 0.27. Please use
+    `tokenizer.apply_chat_template()` directly instead.
+
+    </Deprecated>
     """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "`get_formatting_func_from_dataset` is deprecated and will be removed in TRL 0.27. "
+        "Please use `tokenizer.apply_chat_template()` directly instead.",
+        FutureWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+
     if isinstance(dataset, Dataset):
         if "messages" in dataset.features:
             if dataset.features["messages"] == FORMAT_MAPPING["chatml"]: