/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright 2017-2025 Intel Corporation
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*******************************************************************************/

#ifndef DNNL_COMMON_HPP
#define DNNL_COMMON_HPP

#include <functional>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <vector>
#include <unordered_map>

#include "oneapi/dnnl/dnnl.h"

#include "common.hpp"
#include "dnn_types.hpp"
#include "dnnl_debug.hpp"
#include "dnnl_memory.hpp"
#include "utils/compare.hpp"
#include "utils/dims.hpp"
#include "utils/dnnl_query.hpp"
#include "utils/fill.hpp"
#include "utils/impl_filter.hpp"
#include "utils/numeric.hpp"
#include "utils/parallel.hpp"

#include "tests/test_thread.hpp"

#define for_ for

#define DNN_SAFE(f, s) \
    do { \
        dnnl_status_t status__ = f; \
        if (status__ != dnnl_success) { \
            if ((s) == CRIT || (s) == WARN) { \
                BENCHDNN_PRINT(0, \
                        "Error: Function '%s' at (%s:%d) returned '%s'\n", \
                        __FUNCTION__, __FILE__, __LINE__, \
                        status2str(status__)); \
                fflush(0); \
                if ((s) == CRIT) exit(2); \
            } \
            return FAIL; \
        } \
    } while (0)

#define DNN_SAFE_V(f) \
    do { \
        dnnl_status_t status__ = (f); \
        if (status__ != dnnl_success) { \
            BENCHDNN_PRINT(0, \
                    "Error: Function '%s' at (%s:%d) returned '%s'\n", \
                    __FUNCTION__, __FILE__, __LINE__, status2str(status__)); \
            fflush(0); \
            exit(2); \
        } \
    } while (0)

// Unlike `DNN_SAFE` this one returns `dnnl_status_t`, not `OK/FAIL`.
#define DNN_SAFE_STATUS(f) \
    do { \
        dnnl_status_t status__ = (f); \
        if (status__ != dnnl_success) { return status__; } \
    } while (0)

#ifndef DNNL_EXPERIMENTAL_PROFILING
#if DNNL_GPU_RUNTIME == DNNL_RUNTIME_OCL \
        || DNNL_GPU_RUNTIME == DNNL_RUNTIME_SYCL
using dnnl_profiling_data_kind_t = int;
extern "C" dnnl_status_t dnnl_reset_profiling(dnnl_stream_t stream);
extern "C" dnnl_status_t dnnl_query_profiling_data(dnnl_stream_t stream,
        dnnl_profiling_data_kind_t data_kind, int *num_entries, uint64_t *data);
#endif
#endif

int check_pd_cache(const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t pd, res_t *res);
int check_primitive_cache(dnnl_primitive_t p, res_t *res);

extern dnnl_engine_kind_t engine_tgt_kind;
extern size_t engine_index;
extern isa_hints_t hints;
extern int default_num_streams;
extern int num_streams;

struct engine_t {
    engine_t(dnnl_engine_kind_t engine_kind);
    engine_t(dnnl_engine_t engine);
    engine_t(const engine_t &other);
    ~engine_t();
    operator dnnl_engine_t() const { return engine_; }

private:
    engine_t &operator=(engine_t &other) = delete;
    dnnl_engine_t engine_;
    bool is_owner_;
};

struct stream_t {
    stream_t() : stream_(nullptr), is_owner_(false) {}
    stream_t(dnnl_engine_t engine, void *interop_obj = nullptr);
    ~stream_t();
    operator dnnl_stream_t() const { return stream_; }
    stream_t &operator=(stream_t &&rhs);

private:
    BENCHDNN_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(stream_t);
    dnnl_stream_t stream_;
    bool is_owner_;
};

// Engine used to run oneDNN primitives for testing.
inline const engine_t &get_test_engine() {
    static const engine_t instance(engine_tgt_kind);
    return instance;
}

// Engine used to run all reference native implementations and CPU
// implementations used by `--fast-ref` option.
inline const engine_t &get_cpu_engine() {
#if DNNL_CPU_RUNTIME == DNNL_RUNTIME_NONE
    // In case of lacking CPU engine, just re-use testing one.
    return get_test_engine();
#else
    static const engine_t instance(dnnl_cpu);
    return instance;
#endif
}

bool is_cpu(const dnnl_engine_t &engine = get_test_engine());
bool is_gpu(const dnnl_engine_t &engine = get_test_engine());
bool is_sycl_engine(const dnnl_engine_t &engine = get_test_engine());
bool is_opencl_engine(const dnnl_engine_t &engine = get_test_engine());
bool is_nvidia_gpu(const dnnl_engine_t &engine = get_test_engine());
bool is_f64_supported(const dnnl_engine_t &engine = get_test_engine());
bool is_amd_gpu(const dnnl_engine_t &engine = get_test_engine());
bool is_generic_gpu(const dnnl_engine_t &engine = get_test_engine());

// Extended version of dnnl_sycl_interop_memory_kind_t enumeration.
enum class memory_kind_ext_t {
    usm, // Same as dnnl_sycl_interop_usm
    buffer, // Same as dnnl_sycl_interop_buffer
    usm_device, // USM allocated via malloc_device()
    usm_shared, // USM allocated via malloc_shared()
};

const memory_kind_ext_t default_memory_kind = memory_kind_ext_t::usm;

extern memory_kind_ext_t memory_kind;

void init_isa_settings();

struct args_t {
    args_t() = default;
    args_t(const dnn_mem_map_t &mem_map);

    args_t &set(int arg, const dnn_mem_t &mem);
    void clear() { args_.clear(); }

    int size() const { return (int)args_.size(); }

    const dnn_mem_t &find(int arg) const;
    // Used in graph to link arguments together by updating current source with
    // previous destination.
    void replace(int arg, const dnn_mem_t *mem);

    int arg(int index) const { return args_[index].first; }
    const dnn_mem_t &dnn_mem(int index) const { return *args_[index].second; }

private:
    std::vector<std::pair<int, const dnn_mem_t *>> args_;
};

template <typename prb_t>
struct init_pd_args_t {
    init_pd_args_t(res_t *res, dnnl_engine_t engine, const prb_t *prb,
            dir_t dir, const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t hint,
            const_dnnl_memory_desc_t src_md, bool force_f32_dt)
        : pd(nullptr)
        , is_iterator_supported(true)
        , res(res)
        , engine(engine)
        , prb(prb)
        , dir(dir)
        , hint(hint)
        , src_md(src_md)
        , force_f32_dt(force_f32_dt) {}

    init_pd_args_t(res_t *res, dnnl_engine_t engine, const prb_t *prb,
            dir_t dir, const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t hint,
            const_dnnl_memory_desc_t src_md)
        : init_pd_args_t(res, engine, prb, dir, hint, src_md, false) {}

    // Output members
    dnnl_primitive_desc_t pd;

    bool is_iterator_supported;

    // Input members
    res_t *res;
    dnnl_engine_t engine;
    const prb_t *prb;
    // Used to specify the prop_kind of the pd. Required for double-run drivers
    // to differentiate between fwd-for-bwd pd and actual bwd pd.
    dir_t dir;
    const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t hint;
    // Use for memory propagation between pd. Nullptr will ignore the setting.
    const_dnnl_memory_desc_t src_md;
    // When `true`, overrides prb data type with f32 for ALL memory descriptors
    // when creating pd objects.
    bool force_f32_dt;
};

struct cpu_cache_args_t {
    size_t L2_size = 0;
    size_t L3_size = 0; // = L3_per_core
    size_t num_cores = 0;
    size_t total_socket_size = 0; // (L2 + L3_per_core) * num_cores
};

size_t get_cpu_ram_size();
int get_gpu_ram_sizes(size_t &ram_size, size_t &max_alloc_size);
int get_cpu_cache_size(cpu_cache_args_t &cache_args);
int get_gpu_cache_size(size_t &cache_size);

int check_total_size(res_t *res, dnnl_primitive_t prim_ref = nullptr);
bool is_fwd_training(dnnl_prop_kind_t prop_kind);
bool is_fwd_prop_kind(dnnl_prop_kind_t prop_kind);
int get_memory_footprint(const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t pd, res_t *res);
int check_same_pd(const dnnl_primitive_desc_t &pd_no_attr, res_t *res);
int test_persistent_cache_api(
        benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_t> &prim, res_t *res);
// This call is used in zeropad only and still does check inside, too.
int check_mem_size(const_dnnl_memory_desc_t md, res_t *res);
// Only collects memory sizes from an input `const_pd` and puts the result into
// `mem_size_args`.
int collect_mem_size(check_mem_size_args_t &mem_size_args,
        const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t const_pd, dir_t dir, bool need_skip = true);

inline bool should_stop(const timer::timer_t &t) {
    const bool stop = false
            || (fix_times_per_prb && t.times() >= fix_times_per_prb)
            || (!fix_times_per_prb && t.total_ms() >= max_ms_per_prb
                    && t.times() >= min_times_per_prb);
    return stop;
}

void skip_unimplemented_data_type(
        const std::vector<dnnl_data_type_t> &v_dt, dir_t dir, res_t *res);
void skip_unimplemented_sum_po(const attr_t &attr, res_t *res,
        dnnl_primitive_kind_t pkind, dnnl_data_type_t src_dt,
        dnnl_data_type_t dst_dt = dnnl_data_type_undef);
void skip_unimplemented_binary_po(const attr_t &attr, res_t *res);
void skip_unimplemented_prelu_po(
        const attr_t &attr, res_t *res, dnnl_primitive_kind_t pkind);
void skip_invalid_inplace(res_t *res, dnnl_data_type_t sdt,
        dnnl_data_type_t ddt, const std::string &stag, const std::string &dtag);
void skip_unimplemented_arg_scale(const attr_t &attr, res_t *res);

template <typename prb_t>
int check_caches(benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_t> &primw,
        const prb_t *prb, res_t *res) {
    if (!primw) return OK;

    // Under assumption of a limited cache capacity, which is usually the case,
    // any check that rely on primitive (descriptor) resides in cache fails for
    // parallel creation modifier. There's no guarantee in a general case that
    // primitive stays in cache till the the moment the check happens. Even with
    // primitive saving a state of picked from cache or not, there's a time gap
    // between creation of two same primitives over different engines where
    // first instance could be evicted. This approach may work under assumption
    // of infinite cache though.
    if (!has_bench_mode_modifier(mode_modifier_t::par_create)) {
        const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t pd = query_pd(primw);
        SAFE(create_in_thr_ctx(prb->ctx_init, check_pd_cache, pd, res), WARN);
        // Check primitive is picked up from the cache if applicable.
        SAFE(create_in_thr_ctx(
                     prb->ctx_init, check_primitive_cache, primw, res),
                WARN);
    }

    // Check primitive is picked up from the persistent cache if applicable.
    // Note: primw get re-written here to put a primitive from cache blob, if
    // GPU backend is OCL.
    SAFE(test_persistent_cache_api(primw, res), WARN);

    return OK;
}

// `check_dnnl_status` function is called to validate the result of primitive
// descriptor creation. Based on the status, it produces additional checks:
// * For `invalid_arguments` it just updates the `res` object with it.
// * For `unimplemented` it checks whether the lack of support is expected or
//   not. It relies on `skip_unimplemented_prb` function declared and defined
//   at every driver and expects it to find in correspondent namespace from
//   where `prb_t` was picked up. If the case is unknown, `UNIMPLEMENTED` status
//   will be returned.
template <typename prb_t>
int check_dnnl_status(dnnl_status_t status, const prb_t *prb, res_t *res) {
    if (!res || status == dnnl_success) return OK;

    switch (status) {
        case dnnl_invalid_arguments: res->state = INVALID_ARGUMENTS; break;
        case dnnl_unimplemented: {
            // Unconditionally set all Nvidia backend unimplemented cases as
            // not supported.
            if (is_nvidia_gpu() || is_amd_gpu()) {
                res->state = SKIPPED;
                res->reason = skip_reason::case_not_supported;
                return OK;
            }

            // Check driver specific cases of unimplemented functionality.
            skip_unimplemented_prb(prb, res);
            if (res->state == SKIPPED || res->state == DEFERRED) return OK;

            // If the case is not known to be skipped, it is unimplemented.
            res->state = UNIMPLEMENTED;
        } break;
        default: assert(!"unexpected");
    }
    DNN_SAFE(status, WARN);
    return OK;
}

// `fetch_impl` is responsible to provide a valid `pd` under certain conditions:
// 1. Either valid `pd` or `pd_it` were provided.
// 2a. It's a service primitive (fwd-for-bwd or cpu-for-gpu or
//     simple-prims-of-complex-prim).
// 2b. It's a tested primitive and not all implementations hit skip-impl option
//     values.
//
// Note: `res` can be empty when fetching impl for prim_ref support.
template <typename prb_t>
int fetch_impl(benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_desc_t> &pdw,
        init_pd_args_t<prb_t> &init_pd_args, const impl_filter_t &impl_filter,
        res_t *res, bool is_service_prim) {
    if (!init_pd_args.pd) return FAIL;

    // Wrapper is expected to come empty.
    assert(!pdw);

    pdw.reset(init_pd_args.pd);

    // Service primitive is not supposed to utilize further logic.
    if (is_service_prim) return OK;

    while (true) {
        const auto impl_name = query_impl_info(pdw);
        if (!need_next_impl(impl_name, impl_filter)) return OK;

        BENCHDNN_PRINT(6, "[IMPL_FILTER] Implementation skipped: %s\n",
                impl_name.c_str());

        // Iterator is not supported, further logic is not applicable.
        if (!init_pd_args.is_iterator_supported) {
            if (res) res->state = SKIPPED;
            if (res) res->reason = skip_reason::skip_impl_hit;
            return OK;
        }

        auto status = dnnl_primitive_desc_next_impl(pdw);
        if (status == dnnl_last_impl_reached) {
            BENCHDNN_PRINT(2, "%s\n",
                    "[IMPL_FILTER] All implementations were skipped!");
            if (res) res->state = SKIPPED;
            if (res) res->reason = skip_reason::skip_impl_hit;
            pdw.reset(nullptr);
            return OK;
        } else if (status == dnnl_success) {
            continue;
        } else {
            BENCHDNN_PRINT(0, "%s\n",
                    "[IMPL_FILTER] Unexpected status from pd iterator.");
            return FAIL;
        }
    }

    // Unreached fail status.
    return FAIL;
}

// This is an internal to `init_prim` function that utilizes the logic of
// creating a `pd` and `prim` and assign them to input wrappers. It allows to
// remove code duplication and keep all the logic in a single place.
template <typename func_t, typename prb_t>
int create_primitive(benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_t> &primw,
        dnnl_engine_t engine, const func_t &init_pd_func, const prb_t *prb,
        res_t *res, dir_t dir, const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t hint,
        bool is_service_prim, const_dnnl_memory_desc_t src_md,
        bool force_f32_dt, bool is_graph_ref = false) {
    dnnl_status_t status = dnnl_success;
    dnnl_primitive_t prim {};

    benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_desc_t> pdw;

    init_pd_args_t<prb_t> init_pd_args(
            res, engine, prb, dir, hint, src_md, force_f32_dt);
    status = init_pd_func(init_pd_args);

    SAFE(check_dnnl_status(status, prb, res), WARN);
    if (res->state == SKIPPED) return OK;
    if (is_graph_ref && res->state == DEFERRED) return OK;

    // Fetch also checks if user requested to skip certain implementations.
    SAFE(fetch_impl(pdw, init_pd_args, prb->impl_filter, res, is_service_prim),
            WARN);
    if (res->state == SKIPPED) return OK;

    // Note: Graph may contain more than one operation with identical `dir`.
    //   It's required to collect all memory sizes regardless of `dir`.
    SAFE(collect_mem_size(res->mem_size_args, pdw, dir,
                 /* need_skip = */ !is_graph_ref),
            WARN);

    // The library scratchpad is allocated at create_primitive stage. The memory
    // check is moved after the creation stage. It's necessary to check the
    // library scratchpad size against gpu_max_alloc, otherwise, out_of_memory
    // would be issued by the library.
    if (res->mem_size_args.scratchpad_size > 0 && is_gpu()
            && query_scratchpad_mode(query_attr(pdw))
                    == dnnl_scratchpad_mode_library) {
        static size_t gpu_device_capacity = 0;
        static size_t gpu_max_alloc_capacity = 0;
        SAFE(get_gpu_ram_sizes(gpu_device_capacity, gpu_max_alloc_capacity),
                WARN);
        const bool fit
                = res->mem_size_args.scratchpad_size < gpu_max_alloc_capacity;
        if (!fit) {
            BENCHDNN_PRINT(1,
                    "[CHECK_MEM]: Size of the scratchpad %s "
                    "doesn't fit the allocation limit of %s.\n",
                    smart_bytes(res->mem_size_args.scratchpad_size).c_str(),
                    smart_bytes(gpu_max_alloc_capacity).c_str());
            res->state = SKIPPED;
            res->reason = skip_reason::not_enough_ram;
            return OK;
        }
    }

    TIME_C_PRIM(DNN_SAFE(dnnl_primitive_create(&prim, pdw), WARN));
    primw.reset(prim);

    return OK;
}

template <typename func_t, typename prb_t>
int check_pd_w_and_wo_attr(dnnl_engine_t engine, const func_t &init_pd_func,
        const prb_t *prb, res_t *res, dir_t dir,
        const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t hint) {

    if (!attr_same_pd_check || prb->attr.is_def()) return OK;

    if (prb->attr.post_ops.convolution_index() != -1) return OK;

    // Check that adding attributes doesn't cause a fall back to another impl.
    auto *prb_mutable = const_cast<prb_t *>(prb);
    auto old_attr = prb_mutable->attr;
    prb_mutable->attr = attr_t();
    init_pd_args_t<prb_t> init_pd_args_without_attr(
            res, engine, prb_mutable, dir, hint, /* src_md = */ nullptr);
    DNN_SAFE(init_pd_func(init_pd_args_without_attr), WARN);
    benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_desc_t> pdw(
            init_pd_args_without_attr.pd);
    prb_mutable->attr = old_attr;
    SAFE(check_same_pd(pdw, res), WARN);
    return OK;
}

int check_ref_impl_hit(res_t *res);

template <typename func_t, typename prb_t>
int init_prim(benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_t> &user_prim,
        const func_t &init_pd_func, const prb_t *prb, res_t *res,
        dir_t dir = FLAG_FWD, const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t hint = nullptr,
        bool is_service_prim = false) {
    benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_t> primw;

    skip_invalid_prb(prb, res);
    if (res->state == SKIPPED) return OK;
#ifndef DNNL_DISABLE_PRIMITIVE_CACHE

    int capacity = 0;
    DNN_SAFE(dnnl_get_primitive_cache_capacity(&capacity), FAIL);
    if (capacity > 0) {
        // The idea is to create the requested primitive twice using different
        // engines but the same device and context in the case of OpenCL and DPCPP.
        // Rationale: make sure that the primitive cache is robust in the case
        // where CPU and GPU engines are re-created because this is a commonly
        // used scenario in the frameworks.
        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-unnecessary-copy-initialization)
        engine_t engine(get_test_engine());

        // The first primitive creation using a temporary engine.
        SAFE(create_primitive(primw, engine, init_pd_func, prb, res, dir, hint,
                     is_service_prim, /* src_md = */ nullptr,
                     /* force_f32_dt = */ false),
                WARN);
        if (res->state == SKIPPED) return OK;
    }

#endif
    // The second (if the cache is enabled) primitive creation using the global
    // test engine. This primitive is expected to come from the cache.
    SAFE(create_primitive(primw, get_test_engine(), init_pd_func, prb, res, dir,
                 hint, is_service_prim, /* src_md = */ nullptr,
                 /* force_f32_dt = */ false),
            WARN);
    if (res->state == SKIPPED) return OK;

    // Further checks are only for tested primitives.
    if (is_service_prim) {
        user_prim.reset(primw.release());
        return OK;
    }

    auto pd = query_pd(primw);
    res->impl_name = query_impl_info(pd);
    BENCHDNN_PRINT(5, "oneDNN implementation: %s\n", res->impl_name.c_str());
    // Collect memory footprint (perf report) for a given primitive descriptor.
    SAFE(get_memory_footprint(pd, res), WARN);

    if (has_bench_mode_bit(mode_bit_t::corr)) {
        // Check if adding attributes doesn't cause a fall back to another impl.
        SAFE(check_pd_w_and_wo_attr(
                     get_test_engine(), init_pd_func, prb, res, dir, hint),
                WARN);
        // Check if unexpected ref impl was hit.
        SAFE(check_ref_impl_hit(res), WARN);
    }

    user_prim.reset(primw.release());
    return res->state = INITIALIZED, OK;
}

template <typename func_t, typename prb_t>
int init_prim(const thr_ctx_t &thr_ctx,
        benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_t> &user_prim,
        const func_t &init_pd_func, prb_t *prb, res_t *res,
        dir_t dir = FLAG_FWD, const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t hint = nullptr,
        bool is_service_prim = false) {
    int (*f)(benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_t> &, func_t &,
            const prb_t *, res_t *, dir_t, const_dnnl_primitive_desc_t, bool)
            = init_prim<func_t, prb_t>;
    return create_in_thr_ctx(thr_ctx, f, user_prim, init_pd_func, prb, res, dir,
            hint, is_service_prim);
}

// `check_correctness` function is designed to be called from every driver where
// correctness validation is needed. It takes:
// * A pointer to a `prb_t` problem.
// * A vector of kinds to compare, to validate several outputs, if applicable.
// * Backend arguments to compare the output.
// * Driver's reference memory arguments to compute the reference path, then
//   setup a compare object, and, finally, compare the output.
// * A reference to function that sets up the compare object, see description
//   below.
// * A pointer to a `res_t` structure to update validation status.
// * An optional pointer to CPU primitive for speeding up reference path
//   computation on GPU.
//
// The function doesn't return status since we rely on `res` to contain all
// necessary information about validation results.
//
// The function performs several validation steps:
// * Checks that padded area of all memories are properly zeroed.
// * Checks that GPU backend haven't modified out-of-boundary memory regions.
// * Executes driver's reference path, using the problem, driver reference
//   arguments, and CPU primitive for GPU backend, if available.
// * For each kind to validate it:
//   - Creates and sets up the compare object. Setting is done with
//     `setup_cmp_func`.
//   - Finds correspondent memory arguments from backend and reference and
//     compares them.
//   - Result of comparison is saved into `res` object.
//
// `setup_cmp_func` is a function that supposed to be defined in every driver's
// namespace. Its interface is:
// `void (compare::compare_t &, const prb_t *, data_kind_t, const args_t &);`
// It takes:
// * A reference to a `compare_t` object which the function modifies based on
//   driver's needs.
// * A pointer to a `prb_t` problem.
// * `data_kind` value to help to setup threshold depending on output argument.
// * Driver's reference memory arguments since some drivers can't validate
//   certain scenarios for sure without additional memory arguments.
// Returns nothing since the object is modified by reference due to lifetime of
// the compare object is controlled by `check_correctness`.
//
// Note: a dedicated non-templated type for `setup_cmp_func_t` could be used but
// since it relies on a `prb_t` type which is individual for each driver,
// it is'nt possible without a template.
template <typename setup_cmp_func_t, typename prb_t>
void check_correctness(const prb_t *prb, const std::vector<data_kind_t> &kinds,
        const args_t &args, const args_t &ref_args,
        const setup_cmp_func_t &setup_cmp_func, res_t *res, dir_t dir,
        dnnl_primitive_t prim_ref = nullptr) {
    // Fast exit for any modes but correctness.
    if (!has_bench_mode_bit(mode_bit_t::corr)) return;

    // Report prim_ref run status for easier distinguishing between GPU failures
    // and ref CPU failures.
    if (prim_ref) {
        BENCHDNN_PRINT(1, "run ref: %s\n", res->prim_ref_repro.c_str());
    } else {
        BENCHDNN_PRINT(8, "%s\n", "[NAIVE_REF]: Start");
    }

    TIME_REF(compute_ref(prb, dir, ref_args, prim_ref));

    // Forward-for-backward service primitives define `kinds` as empty to skip
    // validation. This is to avoid extra checks on higher level.
    if (kinds.empty()) return;

    for (int i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
        TIME_COMPARE(check_zero_padding(args.dnn_mem(i), args.arg(i), res));
        TIME_COMPARE(check_buffer_overwrite(args.dnn_mem(i), args.arg(i), res));
    }

    for (const auto &kind : kinds) {
        compare::compare_t cmp;
        cmp.set_data_kind(kind);
        cmp.set_has_prim_ref(bool(prim_ref));
        setup_cmp_func(cmp, prb, kind, ref_args);

        int arg = data_kind2exec_arg(kind);
        assert(arg > 0);

        const auto &mem_dt = args.find(arg);
        const auto &mem_fp = ref_args.find(arg);

        TIME_COMPARE(cmp.compare(mem_fp, mem_dt, prb->attr, res));
    }

    if (prim_ref && res->state == FAILED) {
        static cpu_cache_args_t cpu_cache_args {};
        SAFE_V(get_cpu_cache_size(cpu_cache_args));

        BENCHDNN_PRINT(0,
                "[PRIM_REF][INFO]: L2_size:%zu bytes; per_core_L3_size:%zu "
                "bytes; nthr:%d; impl_name:%s\n",
                cpu_cache_args.L2_size, cpu_cache_args.L3_size,
                benchdnn_get_max_threads(),
                query_impl_info(query_pd(prim_ref)).c_str());
    }
}

using perf_function_t = std::function<dnnl_status_t(
        const dnnl_stream_t &, const std::vector<dnnl_exec_arg_t> &)>;

int execute_and_wait(perf_function_t &exec_func, const dnnl_engine_t &engine,
        const args_t &args, res_t *res = nullptr);
int execute_and_wait(
        dnnl_primitive_t prim, const args_t &args, res_t *res = nullptr);

void reset_gpu_profiling(dnnl_stream_t stream);

void finalize();

int get_gpu_profiling_info(dnnl_stream_t stream, std::vector<uint64_t> &nsecs,
        std::vector<uint64_t> &cycles, int expected_num_entries);
int measure_perf(const thr_ctx_t &ctx, res_t *res, perf_function_t &perf_func,
        args_t &args);
int measure_perf(
        const thr_ctx_t &ctx, res_t *res, dnnl_primitive_t prim, args_t &args);

std::vector<float> prepare_po_vals(const dnn_mem_t &dst_m, const args_t &args,
        const std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> &v_po_masks,
        const size_t dst_off);

bool check_md_consistency_with_tag(
        const_dnnl_memory_desc_t md, const std::string &tag);

memory_kind_ext_t str2memory_kind(const char *str);

enum class execution_mode_t { direct, graph };
extern execution_mode_t execution_mode;

const char *execution_mode2str(execution_mode_t mode);
execution_mode_t str2execution_mode(const char *str);

float reorder_rescale_factor();

// The function converts a memory descriptor dims into a `dims_t` object under
// certain rules.
//
// `mask` argument picks what dimensions to put into a new object as is.
// `extend_by_ones` specifies the behavior with dimensions not matched by
//     `mask`. When set to `true` (the default), a dim value of `1` is used
//     for a not matched dimension. Thus, `ndims` of a new object will remain
//     the same as for original md. When set to `false`, a dim is skipped and
//     the final object could end up with smaller `ndims` (or `size()`) value.
// `groups` specify a vector of group values which decrease the final dimension
//     values by dividing on the group size.
dims_t md2dims(const_dnnl_memory_desc_t md, int mask = -1,
        bool extend_by_ones = true, const std::vector<int64_t> &groups = {});

// Function adjusts data type if fpmath mode is present or sum_dt is different
// from destination_dt. It is used in `cfg` objects that regulate filling.
dnnl_data_type_t deduce_cfg_data_type(
        dnnl_data_type_t in_dt, const attr_t &attr, data_kind_t dk);

// `init_memory_args` is responsible for:
// * Constructing all necessary `dnn_mem_t` objects needed by the library
//   primitive for the main operation and attributes.
//   All these memories must utilize `prefill_memory` flag of `dnn_mem_t` ctor
//   to verify reorders are working correctly and output memory was updated
//   completely.
// * Stashing them with a proper exec_arg ID in a `mem_map` object.
// Caller is responsible for constructing reference memories and filling both
// the library and reference memories by calling `init_ref_memory_args`.
//
// Note: unordered_map is taken over std::vector because vector invalidates its
// references once the object emplaced due to memory re-allocations happening
// internally, while map doesn't not invalidate its references when adding a new
// element which simplifies an implementation.
template <typename prb_t>
void init_memory_args(dnn_mem_map_t &mem_map, const prb_t *prb,
        dnnl_primitive_t prim, const std::vector<int> &supported_exec_args,
        const engine_t &test_engine = get_test_engine()) {
    // Backward case when forward is required will have mem_map not empty.
    // Remove all memories that are not in `supported_exec_args` to save on
    // initializing reference memories.
    //
    // Note: this code is pretty similar to the one in `erase_unused_args` but
    // with a slight change where the key is checked and bitwise correction.
    if (!mem_map.empty()) {
        // Collection of keys is required as evicting members along the way
        // invalidates references and makes traversing over the object
        // undefined behavior.
        std::vector<int> keys_to_erase;
        for (const auto &pair : mem_map) {
            const auto key = pair.first;
            bool key_found_in_exec_args = false;
            for (const auto &arg : supported_exec_args) {
                if (arg == key) {
                    key_found_in_exec_args = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            // Don't remove stashed memory for bitwise validation.
            const bool bitwise_stash
                    = has_bench_mode_bit(mode_bit_t::bitwise) && key < 0;
            bool add_key_to_erase = !key_found_in_exec_args && !bitwise_stash;
            if (add_key_to_erase) keys_to_erase.push_back(key);
        }
        for (const auto &k : keys_to_erase) {
            mem_map.erase(k);
        }
    }

    auto const_pd = query_pd(prim);
    auto const_po = query_post_ops(const_pd);
    const auto prim_kind = query_prim_kind(const_pd);
    const auto prop_kind = query_prop_kind(const_pd);

    const auto has_runtime_dims = [](const_dnnl_memory_desc_t md) -> bool {
        for (int d = 0; d < query_md_ndims(md); ++d)
            if (query_md_dims(md)[d] == DNNL_RUNTIME_DIM_VAL) return true;
        return false;
    };

    if (prim_kind == dnnl_reorder) {
        auto src_engine = query_engine(const_pd, dnnl_query_reorder_src_engine);
        auto dst_engine = query_engine(const_pd, dnnl_query_reorder_dst_engine);
        const auto &src_md = query_md(const_pd, DNNL_ARG_FROM);
        const auto &dst_md = query_md(const_pd, DNNL_ARG_TO);
        if (has_runtime_dims(src_md)) {
            mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_FROM,
                    dnn_mem_t(prb->get_md(DNNL_ARG_FROM), src_engine,
                            /* prefill = */ true));
            mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_TO,
                    dnn_mem_t(prb->get_md(DNNL_ARG_TO), dst_engine,
                            /* prefill = */ true));
        } else {
            mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_FROM,
                    dnn_mem_t(src_md, src_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
            mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_TO,
                    dnn_mem_t(dst_md, dst_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
        }
    } else {
        for (const auto &exec_arg : supported_exec_args) {
            if (exec_arg == DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC) {
                // `DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC` corresponds to a pack of inputs.
                const auto n_inputs = query_n_inputs(const_pd);
                for (int i = 0; i < n_inputs; i++) {
                    const auto &md = query_md(const_pd, exec_arg + i);
                    mem_map.emplace(exec_arg + i,
                            dnn_mem_t(md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
                }
            } else {
                const bool is_arg_in_map
                        = mem_map.find(exec_arg) != mem_map.end();
                const auto &md = query_md(const_pd, exec_arg);
                // Check for ndims is needed when the driver supported args map
                // contains extra arguments for other purposes.
                const int ndims = query_md_ndims(md);
                if (is_arg_in_map) {
                    // It may happen that the map already has the argument but
                    // the library requires it in a different format, e.g., RNN
                    // BWD support on GPU (for better performance). It may also
                    // happen in a combination with `no_ref_memory` modifier,
                    // which requires the library memories map to handle such
                    // cases.
                    if (ndims > 0
                            && dnnl_memory_desc_equal(
                                       md, mem_map.at(exec_arg).md_)
                                    == 0) {
                        assert(!has_runtime_dims(md));
                        dnn_mem_t new_mem(
                                md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true);
                        // Reorder user's data from the old memory to the new one.
                        auto st = new_mem.reorder(mem_map.at(exec_arg));
                        assert(st == OK);
                        if (st != OK) return;
                        mem_map[exec_arg] = std::move(new_mem);
                    }
                } else {
                    if (has_runtime_dims(md)) {
                        mem_map.emplace(exec_arg,
                                dnn_mem_t(prb->get_md(exec_arg), test_engine,
                                        /* prefill = */ true));
                    } else {
                        // In case when arguments get updated on backward when
                        // forward is required, `emplace` guarantees newly
                        // constructed element will be destroyed if an element
                        // with a key already present in the map. C++17 could
                        // use try_emplace instead to mitigate
                        // construction/destruction overhead.
                        mem_map.emplace(exec_arg,
                                dnn_mem_t(
                                        md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Drop "destination" memory for in-place case. `args` will take care of
    // setting proper pointers to make in-place mode happen.
    // Note: must precede bitwise stash memory insertion to keep numbers
    // estimated by memory checker correct.
    if (prb->inplace) {
        const bool inplace_fwd = (prb->dir & FLAG_FWD);
        const bool inplace_bwd
                = (prb->dir & FLAG_BWD) && !is_fwd_prop_kind(prop_kind);
        if (inplace_fwd || inplace_bwd) {
            const int inplace_dst_arg
                    = (prb->dir & FLAG_FWD) ? DNNL_ARG_DST : DNNL_ARG_DIFF_SRC;
            mem_map[inplace_dst_arg] = dnn_mem_t();
        }
    }

    // Bitwise mode demands exactly the same inputs between two runs. There are
    // certain scenarios that affect original memory objects content. When such
    // scenarios occur, memory objects have their original content overwritten.
    // The logic below stashes additional memory objects for a copy of data
    // which will get reordered before the second run.
    //
    // An implementation detail:
    // All such memory objects' counterparts are created with the same arg value
    // but with a negative sign. This is the only guaranteed value that is not
    // used by the library.
    if (has_bench_mode_bit(mode_bit_t::bitwise)) {
        // A sum post-op has the destination memory data overwritten by the
        // accumulation memory.
        if (query_post_ops_has_kind(const_po, dnnl_sum)) {
            const int query_arg = DNNL_ARG_DST;
            const int insert_arg = -query_arg;
            const auto &md = query_md(const_pd, query_arg);
            if (has_runtime_dims(md)) {
                mem_map.emplace(insert_arg,
                        dnn_mem_t(prb->get_md(query_arg), test_engine,
                                /* prefill = */ true));
            } else {
                mem_map.emplace(insert_arg,
                        dnn_mem_t(md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
            }
        }

        // An inplace mode uses the source memory object as the destination one.
        // It results in the source is overwritten after the operation is done.
        if (prb->inplace) {
            const bool has_multiple_args = std::any_of(
                    supported_exec_args.begin(), supported_exec_args.end(),
                    [](int arg) { return arg == DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC; });
            const auto query_arg = is_fwd_prop_kind(prop_kind)
                    ? (has_multiple_args ? DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC : DNNL_ARG_SRC)
                    : DNNL_ARG_DIFF_DST;
            const int insert_arg = -query_arg;
            const auto &md = query_md(const_pd, query_arg);
            if (has_runtime_dims(md)) {
                mem_map.emplace(insert_arg,
                        dnn_mem_t(prb->get_md(query_arg), test_engine,
                                /* prefill = */ true));
            } else {
                mem_map.emplace(insert_arg,
                        dnn_mem_t(md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
            }
        }
    }

    const auto &scratch_md = query_md(const_pd, DNNL_ARG_SCRATCHPAD);
    mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_SCRATCHPAD,
            dnn_mem_t(scratch_md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));

    // Binary post-op.
    // TODO: currently run-time dimensions are not supported in binary post-op.
    for (int idx = 0; idx < dnnl_post_ops_len(const_po); ++idx) {
        if (dnnl_post_ops_get_kind(const_po, idx) != dnnl_binary) continue;

        int po_arg1 = DNNL_ARG_ATTR_MULTIPLE_POST_OP(idx) | DNNL_ARG_SRC_1;
        const auto &po_md1 = query_md(const_pd, po_arg1);
        mem_map.emplace(
                po_arg1, dnn_mem_t(po_md1, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));

        if (!query_post_ops_has_binary_alg_kind(
                    const_po, idx, dnnl_binary_select))
            continue;
        int po_arg2 = DNNL_ARG_ATTR_MULTIPLE_POST_OP(idx) | DNNL_ARG_SRC_2;
        const auto &po_md2 = query_md(const_pd, po_arg2);
        mem_map.emplace(
                po_arg2, dnn_mem_t(po_md2, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
    }

    // Prelu post-op.
    for (int idx = 0; idx < dnnl_post_ops_len(const_po); ++idx) {
        if (dnnl_post_ops_get_kind(const_po, idx) != dnnl_prelu) continue;

        const auto &orig_dst_md = query_md(const_pd, DNNL_ARG_DST);
        benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_memory_desc_t> prb_dst_md;
        if (has_runtime_dims(orig_dst_md)) {
            prb_dst_md = prb->get_md(DNNL_ARG_DST);
        }
        const auto &dst_md = prb_dst_md ? prb_dst_md : orig_dst_md;

        const auto ndims = query_md_ndims(dst_md);
        int mask = 0;
        dnnl_post_ops_get_params_prelu(const_po, idx, &mask);

        // Deduce prelu weights dims based on input policy.
        dims_t dims = md2dims(dst_md, mask);

        int po_arg = DNNL_ARG_ATTR_MULTIPLE_POST_OP(idx) | DNNL_ARG_WEIGHTS;
        mem_map.emplace(po_arg,
                dnn_mem_t(ndims, dims.data(), dnnl_f32, tag::axb, test_engine,
                        /* prefill = */ true));
    }

    // Dropout
    if (is_fwd_training(prop_kind) && !prb->attr.dropout.is_def()) {
        const auto &dropout_md = query_md(const_pd, DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_MASK);
        mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_MASK,
                dnn_mem_t(dropout_md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
        int64_t count = 1;
        auto prob_md = dnn_mem_t::init_md(1, &count, dnnl_f32, tag::abx);
        mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_PROBABILITY,
                dnn_mem_t(prob_md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));

        auto seed_md = dnn_mem_t::init_md(1, &count, dnnl_s32, tag::abx);
        mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_SEED,
                dnn_mem_t(seed_md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
    }

    // Scales.
    if (!prb->attr.scales.is_def()) {
        const auto &sc = prb->attr.scales;

        const auto &src_md = query_md(const_pd, DNNL_ARG_SRC);
        const auto &wei_md = query_md(const_pd, DNNL_ARG_WEIGHTS);
        const bool has_channel_groups
                = (query_md_ndims(src_md) + 1) == query_md_ndims(wei_md);

        const auto append_scales = [&](int exec_arg) {
            const int exec_sc_arg = DNNL_ARG_ATTR_SCALES | exec_arg;
            dims_t dims = {};
            int64_t ndims = 1;
            const auto &arg_md = query_md(const_pd, exec_arg);
            const auto mask = sc.get_mask(exec_arg, prim_kind,
                    query_md_ndims(arg_md), has_channel_groups);
            const auto &groups = sc.get(exec_arg).groups;

            if (mask > 0) {
                const auto &md = query_md(const_pd, exec_arg);
                if (has_runtime_dims(md)) {
                    const auto prb_md = prb->get_md(exec_arg);
                    dims = md2dims(prb_md, mask, false, groups);
                    ndims = static_cast<int>(dims.size());
                } else {
                    dims = md2dims(md, mask, false, groups);
                    ndims = static_cast<int>(dims.size());
                }
            } else {
                dims = {1};
                ndims = 1;
            }

            const auto dt = sc.get(exec_arg).dt;
            const auto policy = sc.get(exec_arg).policy;

            if (policy == attr_t::policy_t::HOST_SCALAR) {
                auto scales_md = dnn_mem_t::init_host_scalar_md(dt);
                float scale = sc.get(exec_arg).scale;
                mem_map.emplace(exec_sc_arg, dnn_mem_t(scales_md, &scale));
                return;
            }

            auto scales_md
                    = dnn_mem_t::init_md(ndims, dims.data(), dt, tag::abx);
            mem_map.emplace(exec_sc_arg,
                    dnn_mem_t(scales_md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
        };

        for (const auto &exec_arg : supported_exec_args) {
            if (exec_arg == DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC) {
                // `DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC` corresponds to a pack of inputs.
                const auto n_inputs = query_n_inputs(const_pd);
                for (int i = 0; i < n_inputs; i++) {
                    const auto i_exec_arg = exec_arg + i;
                    if (!sc.is_def(i_exec_arg)) append_scales(i_exec_arg);
                }
            } else {
                if (!sc.is_def(exec_arg)) append_scales(exec_arg);
            }
        }
    }

    // Zero points.
    if (!prb->attr.zero_points.is_def()) {
        const auto &zp = prb->attr.zero_points;

        const auto append_zero_points = [&](int exec_arg) {
            const int exec_zp_arg = DNNL_ARG_ATTR_ZERO_POINTS | exec_arg;
            const auto &e = zp.get(exec_arg);
            int64_t ndims = 1;
            dims_t dims = {};
            const auto &arg_md = query_md(const_pd, exec_arg);
            const auto mask
                    = zp.get_mask(exec_arg, prim_kind, query_md_ndims(arg_md));
            const auto &groups = e.groups;

            if (mask > 0) {
                const auto &md = query_md(const_pd, exec_arg);
                if (has_runtime_dims(md)) {
                    const auto prb_md = prb->get_md(exec_arg);
                    dims = md2dims(prb_md, mask, false, groups);
                    ndims = static_cast<int>(dims.size());
                } else {
                    dims = md2dims(md, mask, false, groups);
                    ndims = static_cast<int>(dims.size());
                }
            } else {
                dims = {1};
                ndims = 1;
            }

            if (e.policy == attr_t::policy_t::HOST_SCALAR) {
                auto zp_md = dnn_mem_t::init_host_scalar_md(e.dt);
                int32_t zero_point = zp.get(exec_arg).value;
                mem_map.emplace(exec_zp_arg, dnn_mem_t(zp_md, &zero_point));
                return;
            }

            auto zp_md = dnn_mem_t::init_md(ndims, dims.data(), e.dt, tag::abx);
            mem_map.emplace(exec_zp_arg,
                    dnn_mem_t(zp_md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
        };

        for (const auto &exec_arg : supported_exec_args) {
            if (exec_arg == DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC) {
                // `DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC` corresponds to a pack of inputs.
                const auto n_inputs = query_n_inputs(const_pd);
                for (int i = 0; i < n_inputs; i++) {
                    const auto i_exec_arg = exec_arg + i;
                    if (!zp.is_def(i_exec_arg)) append_zero_points(i_exec_arg);
                }
            } else {
                if (!zp.is_def(exec_arg)) append_zero_points(exec_arg);
            }
        }
    }

    // Precomputed reductions.
    if (!prb->attr.precomputed_reductions.is_def()) {
        const auto &pr = prb->attr.precomputed_reductions;

        const auto append_precomputed_reductions = [&](int exec_arg) {
            const int exec_pr_arg
                    = DNNL_ARG_ATTR_PRECOMPUTED_REDUCTIONS | exec_arg;
            const auto &e = pr.get(exec_arg);
            int64_t ndims = 1;
            dims_t dims = {};
            const auto &arg_md = query_md(const_pd, exec_arg);
            const auto mask
                    = pr.get_mask(exec_arg, prim_kind, query_md_ndims(arg_md));
            const auto &groups = e.groups;

            if (mask > 0) {
                const auto &md = query_md(const_pd, exec_arg);
                if (has_runtime_dims(md)) {
                    const auto prb_md = prb->get_md(exec_arg);
                    dims = md2dims(prb_md, mask, false, groups);
                    ndims = static_cast<int>(dims.size());
                } else {
                    dims = md2dims(md, mask, false, groups);
                    ndims = static_cast<int>(dims.size());
                }
            } else {
                dims = {1};
                ndims = 1;
            }
            auto pr_md = dnn_mem_t::init_md(ndims, dims.data(), e.dt, tag::abx);
            mem_map.emplace(exec_pr_arg,
                    dnn_mem_t(pr_md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
        };

        for (const auto &exec_arg : supported_exec_args) {
            if (exec_arg == DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC) {
                // `DNNL_ARG_MULTIPLE_SRC` corresponds to a pack of inputs.
                const auto n_inputs = query_n_inputs(const_pd);
                for (int i = 0; i < n_inputs; i++) {
                    const auto i_exec_arg = exec_arg + i;
                    if (!pr.is_def(i_exec_arg))
                        append_precomputed_reductions(i_exec_arg);
                }
            } else {
                if (!pr.is_def(exec_arg))
                    append_precomputed_reductions(exec_arg);
            }
        }
    }

    // rounding mode
    if (!prb->attr.rounding_mode.is_def()) {
        int64_t count = 1;
        auto seed_md = dnn_mem_t::init_md(1, &count, dnnl_s32, tag::abx);
        mem_map.emplace(DNNL_ARG_ATTR_ROUNDING_SEED,
                dnn_mem_t(seed_md, test_engine, /* prefill = */ true));
    }
}

void erase_unused_args(
        dnn_mem_map_t &ref_mem_map, const dnn_mem_map_t &mem_map);

int update_ref_mem_map_from_prim(dnnl_primitive_t prim_ref,
        const dnn_mem_t &library_mem, dnn_mem_map_t &ref_mem_map, int exec_arg,
        dnnl_data_type_t swapped_dt);

int init_ref_memory_args_default_case(int exec_arg, dnn_mem_t &mem,
        dnn_mem_t &ref_mem, const attr_t &attr, res_t *res,
        const std::unordered_map<int, fill_cfg_t> &fill_cfg_map = {});

int check_bitwise(dnnl_primitive_t prim, const std::vector<data_kind_t> &kinds,
        const args_t &args, const attr_t &attr, bool inplace, res_t *res);

template <typename prb_t>
int init_prim_ref_common(benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_t> &prim_ref,
        const prb_t *prb_cpu, res_t *res) {

    init_pd_args_t<prb_t> init_pd_args(
            /* res = */ nullptr, get_cpu_engine(), prb_cpu, prb_cpu->dir,
            /* hint = */ nullptr, /* src_md = */ nullptr);
    init_pd(init_pd_args);

    benchdnn_dnnl_wrapper_t<dnnl_primitive_desc_t> pdw;
    // `is_service_prim=true` prevents from filtering the implementation
    // by name which is intended through a `get_prim_ref_impl_filter()`.
    // As `fetch_impl` doesn't have any further logic related to it, it's
    // safe to set it to `false`.
    fetch_impl(pdw, init_pd_args, get_prim_ref_impl_filter(),
            /* res = */ nullptr,
            /* is_service_prim = */ false);

    // Prim desc wasn't created - try the next set...
    if (!pdw) return FAIL;

    dnnl_primitive_t prim_ref_ptr {};
    auto st = dnnl_primitive_create(&prim_ref_ptr, pdw);
    // Primitive wasn't created - try the next set...
    if (st != dnnl_success) return FAIL;

    BENCHDNN_PRINT(5, "CPU reference oneDNN implementation: %s\n",
            query_impl_info(pdw).c_str());

    res->prim_ref_repro = prb_cpu->str();
    // Replace engine kind for repro line from GPU to CPU.
    const auto eng_pos = res->prim_ref_repro.find("engine=gpu");
    if (eng_pos != std::string::npos) {
        // Replace `g` in `gpu` with `c`
        res->prim_ref_repro[eng_pos + 7] = 'c';
    }

    // Remove `--impl=XXX` as it doesn't affect prim_ref.
    const auto impl_pos = res->prim_ref_repro.find("--impl=");
    if (impl_pos != std::string::npos) {
        // Search for the next space starting from `impl_pos` as names' length
        // is variadic.
        const auto end_impl_pos
                = res->prim_ref_repro.find_first_of(" ", impl_pos);
        assert(end_impl_pos != std::string::npos);
        // `+ 1` is for extra space.
        res->prim_ref_repro.erase(impl_pos, end_impl_pos - impl_pos + 1);
    }

    prim_ref.reset(prim_ref_ptr);
    return OK;
}

#endif
