Set version to 0.10.4.dev0 (#169)

* feat: allow get_kernel to log telemetry.

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Daniël de Kok <me@danieldk.eu>

* doc

---------

Co-authored-by: Daniël de Kok <me@danieldk.eu>

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
       max-parallel: 4
       matrix:
         python-version: ["3.10", "3.12"]
-        torch-version: ["2.6.0", "2.7.0"]
+        torch-version: ["2.7.0", "2.8.0"]
 
     env:
       UV_PYTHON_PREFERENCE: only-managed
@@ -51,7 +51,15 @@ jobs:
         run: uv run mypy src/kernels
 
       - name: Run tests
-        run: uv run pytest tests
+        run: |
+          uv run pytest tests
+
+      - name: Run staging tests
+        env:
+          HF_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.HF_STAGING_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          HUGGINGFACE_CO_STAGING=true uv run pytest --token -m "is_staging_test" tests/
+        if: matrix.python_version == '3.10' && matrix.torch-version == '2.7.0'
 
       - name: Check kernel conversion
         run: |
@@ -65,6 +73,11 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           uv run kernels generate-readme kernels-community/triton-layer-norm
 
+      - name: Check kernel check
+        run: |
+          uv pip install kernel-abi-check
+          kernels check kernels-community/activation
+
       - name: Import check without torch
         run: |
           uv pip uninstall torch

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+.PHONY: style
+
+export check_dirs := src examples tests
+
+style:
+	black ${check_dirs}
+	isort ${check_dirs}
+	ruff check ${check_dirs} --fix

README.md

@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ the Hub.
 - [Using layers](docs/source/layers.md)
 - [Locking kernel/layer versions](docs/source/locking.md)
 - [Environment variables](docs/source/env.md)
-- [Using kernels in a Docker container](docs/source/docker.md)
 - [Kernel requirements](docs/source/kernel-requirements.md)
 - [Frequently Asked Questions](docs/source/faq.md)
 - [Writing kernels](https://github.com/huggingface/kernel-builder/blob/main/docs/writing-kernels.md) using [kernel-builder](https://github.com/huggingface/kernel-builder/)

docs/source/_toctree.yml

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
       title: Kernels
     - local: api/layers
       title: Layers
+    - local: cli
+      title: Kernels CLI
   title: API Reference
 - sections:
     - local: kernel-requirements

docs/source/api/kernels.md

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@
 
 [[autodoc]] kernels.get_kernel
 
+### get_local_kernel
+
+[[autodoc]] kernels.get_local_kernel
+
 ### has_kernel
 
 [[autodoc]] kernels.has_kernel

docs/source/api/layers.md

@@ -39,3 +39,11 @@
 ### LayerRepository
 
 [[autodoc]] kernels.LayerRepository
+
+### LocalLayerRepository
+
+[[autodoc]] kernels.LocalLayerRepository
+
+### LockedLayerRepository
+
+[[autodoc]] kernels.LockedLayerRepository

docs/source/basic-usage.md

@@ -21,6 +21,22 @@ activation.gelu_fast(y, x)
 print(y)
 ```
 
+### Using version bounds
+
+Kernels are versioned using tags of the form `v<major>.<minor>.<patch>`.
+You can specify which version to download using Python version specifiers:
+
+```python
+import torch
+from kernels import get_kernel
+
+activation = get_kernel("kernels-community/activation", version=">=0.0.4,<0.1.0")
+```
+
+This will get the latest kernel tagged `v0.0.z` where `z` is at least 4. It
+is strongly recommended to specify a version bound, since a kernel author
+might push incompatible changes to the `main` branch.
+
 ## Checking Kernel Availability
 
 You can check if a specific kernel is available for your environment:

docs/source/cli.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Kernels CLI Reference
+
+## Main Functions
+
+### kernels check
+
+You can use `kernels check` to test compliance of a kernel on the Hub.
+This currently checks that the kernel:
+
+- Supports the currently-required Python ABI version.
+- Works on supported operating system versions.
+
+For example:
+
+```bash
+$ kernels check kernels-community/flash-attn3
+Checking variant: torch28-cxx11-cu128-aarch64-linux
+  🐍 Python ABI 3.9 compatible
+  🐧 manylinux_2_28 compatible
+[...]
+```
+
+### kernels to-wheel
+
+We strongly recommend downloading kernels from the Hub using the `kernels`
+package, since this comes with large [benefits](index.md) over using Python
+wheels. That said, some projects may require deployment of kernels as
+wheels. The `kernels` utility provides a simple solution to this. You can
+convert any Hub kernel into a set of wheels with the `to-wheel` command:
+
+```bash
+$ kernels to-wheel drbh/img2grey 1.1.2
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch27cu128cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch26cu124cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch26cu126cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch27cu126cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch26cu126cxx98-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch27cu128cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch26cu126cxx98-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch27cu126cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch26cu126cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch26cu118cxx98-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch26cu124cxx98-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch26cu118cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+☸ img2grey-1.1.2+torch27cu118cxx11-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
+```
+
+### kernels upload
+
+Use `kernels upload <dir_containing_build> --repo_id="hub-username/kernel"` to upload
+your kernel builds to the Hub. To know the supported arguments run: `kernels upload -h`.
+
+**Notes**:
+
+- This will take care of creating a repository on the Hub with the `repo_id` provided.
+- If a repo with the `repo_id` already exists and if it contains a `build` with the build variant
+  being uploaded, it will attempt to delete the files existing under it.
+- Make sure to be authenticated (run `hf auth login` if not) to be able to perform uploads to the Hub.

docs/source/faq.md

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # FAQ
 
-## Why is the kernelization step needed?
+## Kernel layers
+
+### Why is the kernelization step needed as a separate step?
 
 In earlier versions of `kernels`, a layer's `forward` method was replaced
 by `use_kernel_forward_from_hub` and `replace_kernel_forward_from_hub`.
@@ -11,3 +13,39 @@ on data-dependent branching.
 
 To avoid branching, we have to make dispatch decisions ahead of time,
 which is what the `kernelize` function does.
+
+### Why does kernelization only replace `forward` methods?
+
+There are some other possible approaches. The first is to completely
+replace existing layers by kernel layers. However, since this would
+permit free-form layer classes, it would be much harder to validate
+that layers are fully compatible with the layers that they are
+replacing. For instance, they could have completely different member
+variables. Besides that, we would also need to hold on to the original
+layers, in case we need to revert to the base layers when the model
+is `kernelize`d again with different options.
+
+A second approach would be to make an auxiliary layer that wraps the
+original layer and the kernel layer and dispatches to the kernel layer.
+This wouldn't have the issues of the first approach, because kernel layers
+could be similarly strict as they are now, and we would still have access
+to the original layers when `kernelize`-ing the model again. However,
+this would change the graph structure of the model and would break use
+cases where programs access the model internals (e.g.
+`model.layers[0].attention.query_weight`) or rely on the graph structure
+in other ways.
+
+The approach of `forward`-replacement is the least invasive, because
+it preserves the original model graph. It is also reversible, since
+even though the `forward` of a layer _instance_ might be replaced,
+the corresponding class still has the original `forward`.
+
+## Misc
+
+### How can I disable kernel reporting in the user-agent?
+
+By default, we collect telemetry when a call to `get_kernel()` is made.
+This only includes the `kernels` version, `torch` version, and the build
+information for the kernel being requested.
+
+You can disable this by setting `export DISABLE_TELEMETRY=yes`.

docs/source/kernel-requirements.md

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ Kernels are versioned on the Hub using Git tags. Version tags must be of
 the form `v<major>.<minor>.<patch>`. Versions are used by [locking](./locking.md)
 to resolve the version constraints.
 
+We recommend using [semver](https://semver.org/) to version kernels.
+
 ## Native Python module
 
 Kernels will typically contain a native Python module with precompiled
@@ -44,19 +46,28 @@ have dynamic library dependencies outside:
 - Torch;
 - CUDA/ROCm libraries installed as dependencies of Torch.
 
+## Compatibility with torch.compile
+
+The Kernel Hub also encourages to write the kernels in a `torch.compile`
+compliant way. This helps to ensure that the kernels are compatible with
+`torch.compile` without introducing any graph breaks and triggering 
+recompilation which can limit the benefits of compilation.
+
+[Here](https://github.com/huggingface/kernel-builder/blob/d1ee9bf9301ac8c5199099d90ee1c9d5c789d5ba/examples/relu-backprop-compile/tests/test_relu.py#L162) is a simple test example which checks for graph breaks and 
+recompilation triggers during `torch.compile`.
+
 ### Linux
 
 - Use [ABI3/Limited API](https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/stable.html#stable-application-binary-interface)
   for compatibility with Python 3.9 and later.
 - Compatible with [`manylinux_2_28`](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux?tab=readme-ov-file#manylinux_2_28-almalinux-8-based).
   This means that the extension **must not** use symbols versions higher than:
-
   - GLIBC 2.28
   - GLIBCXX 3.4.24
   - CXXABI 1.3.11
   - GCC 7.0.0
 
-These requirement can be checked with the ABI checker (see below).
+These requirements can be checked with the ABI checker (see below).
 
 ### macOS
 

docs/source/layers.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ the Hub can replace the `forward` method of an existing layer for a certain
 device type. This makes it possible to provide more performant kernels for
 existing layers.
 
-See [Kernel requirements](kernel-requirements.md) for more information the
+See [Kernel requirements](kernel-requirements.md) for more information on the
 requirements of Hub layers.
 
 ## Making a layer extensible with kernels from the hub
@@ -84,12 +84,6 @@ model = kernelize(model, mode=Mode.INFERENCE | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE)
 model = kernelize(model, mode=Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE)
 ```
 
-When the `mode` argument is not specified,
-`Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE` is used as the default. This mode
-aligns most closely with pure PyTorch layers which also support training
-and `torch.compile`. However, to select the most performant kernels, it
-is often good to make the mode specific as possible.
-
 ### Kernel device
 
 Kernels can be registered per device type. For instance, separate `cuda` and
@@ -117,7 +111,7 @@ model = kernelize(model, mode=Mode.INFERENCE | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE, use_fallback=
 
 This can be useful if you want to guarantee that Hub kernels are used.
 
-### Inspecting kernels which kernels are used
+### Inspecting which kernels are used
 
 The kernels that are used are logged at the `INFO` level by `kernelize`.
 See the [Python logging](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html)
@@ -157,12 +151,39 @@ used with the `use_kernel_mapping` context manager:
 ```python
 with use_kernel_mapping(kernel_layer_mapping):
     # Use the layer for which the mapping is applied.
-    model = kernelize(model)
+    model = kernelize(model, mode=Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE)
 ```
 
 This ensures that the mapping is not active anymore outside the
 `with`-scope.
 
+### Using version bounds
+
+Kernels are versioned using tags of the form `v<major>.<minor>.<patch>`.
+You can specify which version of the kernel to download using Python version
+specifiers:
+
+```python
+kernel_layer_mapping = {
+    "SiluAndMul": {
+        "cuda": LayerRepository(
+            repo_id="kernels-community/activation",
+            layer_name="SiluAndMul",
+            version=">=0.0.4,<0.1.0",
+        ),
+        "rocm": LayerRepository(
+            repo_id="kernels-community/activation",
+            layer_name="SiluAndMul",
+            version=">=0.0.4,<0.1.0",
+        )
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This will get the layer from latest kernel tagged `v0.0.z` where `z` is at
+least 4. It is strongly recommended to specify a version bound, since a
+kernel author might push incompatible changes to the `main` branch.
+
 ### Registering kernels for specific modes
 
 You might want to register two different kernels for a particular layer,
@@ -265,7 +286,6 @@ Capabilities behave as follows:
   an existing kernel, the new kernel will replace the old kernel.
 - When there are multiple kernels that support a capability, the kernel
   with the smaller capability interval will be used. E.g. given:
-
   - `KernelA` with `min_capability=80` and `max_capability=89`;
   - `KernelB` with `min_capability=75` and `max_capability=89`;
   - `kernelize` runs on a system with capability 8.6.

examples/basic.py

@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ activation.gelu_fast(y, x)
 print("Kernel successfully executed")
 
 # Check results
-expected = torch.tensor([
+expected = torch.tensor(
-    [0.8408, 1.9551, 2.9961],
+    [[0.8408, 1.9551, 2.9961], [4.0000, 5.0000, 6.0000], [7.0000, 8.0000, 9.0000]],
-    [4.0000, 5.0000, 6.0000],
+    device="cuda:0",
-    [7.0000, 8.0000, 9.0000]
+    dtype=torch.float16,
-], device='cuda:0', dtype=torch.float16)
+)
 assert torch.allclose(y, expected)
 
 print("Calculated values are exact")

flake.nix

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
       in
       {
         formatter = pkgs.nixfmt-tree;
+        packages.kernel-abi-check = pkgs.python3.pkgs.callPackage ./nix/kernel-abi-check.nix {};
         devShells = with pkgs; rec {
           default = mkShell {
             nativeBuildInputs = [
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@
               ++ (with python3.pkgs; [
                 docutils
                 huggingface-hub
+                (callPackage ./nix/kernel-abi-check.nix {})
                 mktestdocs
                 pytest
                 pytest-benchmark

nix/kernel-abi-check.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  buildPythonPackage,
+  fetchPypi,
+  rustPlatform,
+}:
+
+buildPythonPackage rec {
+  pname = "kernel-abi-check";
+  version = "0.6.2";
+
+  src = fetchPypi {
+    inherit version;
+    pname = "kernel_abi_check";
+    hash = "sha256-goWC7SK79FVNEvkp3bISBwbOqdSrmobANtrWIve9/Ys=";
+  };
+
+  cargoDeps = rustPlatform.fetchCargoVendor {
+    inherit pname version src sourceRoot;
+    hash = "sha256-+1jdbKsDKmG+bf0NEVYMv8t7Meuge1z2cgYfbdB9q8A=";
+  };
+
+  sourceRoot = "kernel_abi_check-${version}/bindings/python";
+
+  pyproject = true;
+
+  nativeBuildInputs = with rustPlatform; [ cargoSetupHook maturinBuildHook ];
+}

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "kernels"
-version = "0.9.0.dev0"
+version = "0.10.4.dev0"
 description = "Download compute kernels"
 authors = [
   { name = "OlivierDehaene", email = "olivier@huggingface.co" },
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ license = { text = "Apache-2.0" }
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">= 3.9"
 dependencies = [
-  "huggingface_hub>=0.26.0,<1.0",
+  "huggingface_hub>=0.26.0,<2.0",
   "packaging>=20.0",
   "pyyaml>=6",
   "tomli>=2.0; python_version<'3.11'",
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ dev = [
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
+abi-check = ["kernel-abi-check>=0.6.2,<0.7.0"]
 torch = ["torch"]
 docs = [
   "hf-doc-builder",
@@ -45,6 +46,9 @@ kernels = "kernels.cli:main"
 [project.entry-points."egg_info.writers"]
 "kernels.lock" = "kernels.lockfile:write_egg_lockfile"
 
+[tool.isort]
+profile = "black"
+line_length = 119
 
 [tool.ruff]
 exclude = [
@@ -71,4 +75,4 @@ line-length = 119
 # Ignored rules:
 # "E501" -> line length violation
 lint.ignore = ["E501"]
-lint.select = ["E", "F", "I", "W"]
+lint.select = ["E", "F", "W"]

pytest.ini

@@ -3,3 +3,7 @@ markers =
     cuda_only: marks tests that should only hosts with CUDA GPUs
     rocm_only: marks tests that should only run on hosts with ROCm GPUs
     darwin_only: marks tests that should only run on macOS
+    xpu_only: marks tests that should only run on hosts with Intel XPUs
+    npu_only: marks tests that should only run on Ascend NPUs
+    token: enable tests that require a write token
+    is_staging_test: Marks tests that should only run on a staging environment

src/kernels/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+import importlib.metadata
+
+__version__ = importlib.metadata.version("kernels")
+
 from kernels.layer import (
     CUDAProperties,
     Device,
@@ -21,6 +25,7 @@ from kernels.utils import (
 )
 
 __all__ = [
+    "__version__",
     "CUDAProperties",
     "Device",
     "LayerRepository",

src/kernels/check.py

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
+from kernel_abi_check import (
+    BinaryFormat,
+    IncompatibleAbi3Symbol,
+    IncompatibleMacOSVersion,
+    IncompatibleManylinuxSymbol,
+    MissingMacOSVersion,
+    NonAbi3Symbol,
+    ObjectFile,
+)
+
+from kernels.utils import CACHE_DIR
+
+
+def check_kernel(
+    *, macos: str, manylinux: str, python_abi: str, repo_id: str, revision: str
+):
+    variants_path = (
+        Path(
+            snapshot_download(
+                repo_id,
+                allow_patterns=["build/*"],
+                cache_dir=CACHE_DIR,
+                revision=revision,
+            )
+        )
+        / "build"
+    )
+
+    has_issues = False
+    for variant_path in variants_path.iterdir():
+        if not variant_path.is_dir():
+            print(
+                f"⛔ `build/` must only contain directories, found: {variant_path.name}",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            has_issues = True
+            continue
+
+        print(f"Checking variant: {variant_path.name}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+        indent = 2
+
+        for dylib_path in variant_path.rglob("*.so"):
+            print_with_indent(
+                indent,
+                f"Dynamic library {dylib_path.relative_to(variant_path)}:",
+            )
+
+            o = ObjectFile(dylib_path)
+            has_issues |= check_abi3(o, python_abi, indent + 2)
+
+            # TODO: also check operating system
+            if o.format() == BinaryFormat.ELF:
+                has_issues |= check_manylinux(o, manylinux, indent + 2)
+            elif o.format() == BinaryFormat.MACH_O:
+                has_issues |= check_macos(o, macos, indent + 2)
+
+    if has_issues:
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def check_abi3(object_file: ObjectFile, python_abi: str, indent: int) -> bool:
+    has_issues = False
+    violations = object_file.check_python_abi(python_abi)
+    if violations != []:
+        has_issues = True
+        print_with_indent(
+            indent,
+            f"⛔ Found symbols that are incompatible with Python ABI {python_abi}:",
+        )
+        for violation in violations:
+            if isinstance(violation, IncompatibleAbi3Symbol):
+                print_with_indent(
+                    indent + 3,
+                    f"{violation.name}: {violation.version_added}",
+                )
+            elif isinstance(violation, NonAbi3Symbol):
+                print_with_indent(
+                    indent + 3,
+                    f"{violation.name}",
+                )
+    else:
+        print_with_indent(indent, f"🐍 Python ABI {python_abi} compatible")
+
+    return has_issues
+
+
+def check_macos(object_file: ObjectFile, macos: str, indent: int) -> bool:
+    has_issues = False
+    violations = object_file.check_macos(macos)
+    if violations != []:
+        has_issues = True
+        print_with_indent(
+            indent,
+            f"⛔ Found incompatibility with macOS {macos}:",
+        )
+
+        for violation in violations:
+            if isinstance(violation, MissingMacOSVersion):
+                print_with_indent(
+                    indent + 3,
+                    "shared library does not contain macOS version",
+                )
+            elif isinstance(violation, IncompatibleMacOSVersion):
+                print_with_indent(
+                    indent + 3,
+                    f"shared library requires macOS {violation.version}",
+                )
+    else:
+        print_with_indent(indent, f"🍏 compatible with macOS {macos}")
+
+    return has_issues
+
+
+def check_manylinux(object_file: ObjectFile, manylinux: str, indent: int) -> bool:
+    has_issues = False
+    violations = object_file.check_manylinux(manylinux)
+    if violations != []:
+        has_issues = True
+        print_with_indent(
+            indent,
+            f"⛔ Found symbols that are incompatible with {manylinux}:",
+        )
+
+        for violation in violations:
+            if isinstance(violation, IncompatibleManylinuxSymbol):
+                print_with_indent(
+                    indent + 3,
+                    f"{violation.name}_{violation.dep}: {violation.version}",
+                )
+    else:
+        print_with_indent(indent, f"🐧 {manylinux} compatible")
+
+    return has_issues
+
+
+def print_with_indent(indent: int, message: str):
+    print(f"{' ' * indent}{message}", file=sys.stderr)

src/kernels/cli.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import json
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
+from huggingface_hub import create_repo, upload_folder, create_branch
+
 from kernels.compat import tomllib
 from kernels.lockfile import KernelLock, get_kernel_locks
 from kernels.utils import install_kernel, install_kernel_all_variants
@@ -18,6 +20,31 @@ def main():
     )
     subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(required=True)
 
+    check_parser = subparsers.add_parser("check", help="Check a kernel for compliance")
+    check_parser.add_argument("repo_id", type=str, help="The kernel repo ID")
+    check_parser.add_argument(
+        "--revision",
+        type=str,
+        default="main",
+        help="The kernel revision (branch, tag, or commit SHA, defaults to 'main')",
+    )
+    check_parser.add_argument("--macos", type=str, help="macOS version", default="15.0")
+    check_parser.add_argument(
+        "--manylinux", type=str, help="Manylinux version", default="manylinux_2_28"
+    )
+    check_parser.add_argument(
+        "--python-abi", type=str, help="Python ABI version", default="3.9"
+    )
+    check_parser.set_defaults(
+        func=lambda args: check_kernel(
+            macos=args.macos,
+            manylinux=args.manylinux,
+            python_abi=args.python_abi,
+            repo_id=args.repo_id,
+            revision=args.revision,
+        )
+    )
+
     download_parser = subparsers.add_parser("download", help="Download locked kernels")
     download_parser.add_argument(
         "project_dir",
@@ -31,6 +58,29 @@ def main():
     )
     download_parser.set_defaults(func=download_kernels)
 
+    upload_parser = subparsers.add_parser("upload", help="Upload kernels to the Hub")
+    upload_parser.add_argument(
+        "kernel_dir",
+        type=Path,
+        help="Directory of the kernel build",
+    )
+    upload_parser.add_argument(
+        "--repo_id",
+        type=str,
+        help="Repository ID to use to upload to the Hugging Face Hub",
+    )
+    upload_parser.add_argument(
+        "--branch",
+        type=None,
+        help="If set, the upload will be made to a particular branch of the provided `repo_id`.",
+    )
+    upload_parser.add_argument(
+        "--private",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="If the repository should be private.",
+    )
+    upload_parser.set_defaults(func=upload_kernels)
+
     lock_parser = subparsers.add_parser("lock", help="Lock kernel revisions")
     lock_parser.add_argument(
         "project_dir",
@@ -153,8 +203,61 @@ def lock_kernels(args):
         json.dump(all_locks, f, cls=_JSONEncoder, indent=2)
 
 
+def upload_kernels(args):
+    # Resolve `kernel_dir` to be uploaded.
+    kernel_dir = Path(args.kernel_dir).resolve()
+    build_dir = kernel_dir / "build"
+    if not kernel_dir.is_dir():
+        raise ValueError(f"{kernel_dir} is not a directory")
+    if not build_dir.is_dir():
+        raise ValueError("Couldn't find `build` directory inside `kernel_dir`")
+
+    repo_id = create_repo(
+        repo_id=args.repo_id, private=args.private, exist_ok=True
+    ).repo_id
+
+    if args.branch is not None:
+        create_branch(repo_id=repo_id, branch=args.branch, exist_ok=True)
+
+    delete_patterns: set[str] = set()
+    for build_variant in build_dir.iterdir():
+        if build_variant.is_dir():
+            delete_patterns.add(f"{build_variant.name}/**")
+
+    upload_folder(
+        repo_id=repo_id,
+        folder_path=build_dir,
+        revision=args.branch,
+        path_in_repo="build",
+        delete_patterns=list(delete_patterns),
+        commit_message="Build uploaded using `kernels`.",
+    )
+    print(f"✅ Kernel upload successful. Find the kernel in https://hf.co/{repo_id}.")
+
+
 class _JSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
     def default(self, o):
         if dataclasses.is_dataclass(o):
             return dataclasses.asdict(o)
         return super().default(o)
+
+
+def check_kernel(
+    *, macos: str, manylinux: str, python_abi: str, repo_id: str, revision: str
+):
+    try:
+        import kernels.check
+    except ImportError:
+        print(
+            "`kernels check` requires the `kernel-abi-check` package: pip install kernel-abi-check",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    kernels.check.check_kernel(
+        macos=macos,
+        manylinux=manylinux,
+        python_abi=python_abi,
+        repo_id=repo_id,
+        revision=revision,
+    )

src/kernels/layer.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Device:
 
     Args:
         type (`str`):
-            The device type (e.g., "cuda", "mps", "cpu").
+            The device type (e.g., "cuda", "mps", "npu", "rocm", "xpu").
         properties ([`CUDAProperties`], *optional*):
             Device-specific properties. Currently only [`CUDAProperties`] is supported for CUDA devices.
 
@@ -106,6 +106,12 @@ class Device:
 
         # MPS device for Apple Silicon
         mps_device = Device(type="mps")
+
+        # XPU device (e.g., Intel(R) Data Center GPU Max 1550)
+        xpu_device = Device(type="xpu")
+
+        # NPU device (Huawei Ascend)
+        npu_device = Device(type="npu")
         ```
     """
 
@@ -125,6 +131,10 @@ class Device:
             return _ROCMRepos()
         elif self.type == "mps":
             return _MPSRepos()
+        elif self.type == "xpu":
+            return _XPURepos()
+        elif self.type == "npu":
+            return _NPURepos()
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Unknown device type: {self.type}")
 
@@ -311,7 +321,7 @@ class LayerRepository:
         return hash((self.layer_name, self._repo_id, self._revision, self._version))
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"`{self._repo_id}` (revision: {self._resolve_revision()}) for layer `{self.layer_name}`"
+        return f"`{self._repo_id}` (revision: {self._resolve_revision()}), layer `{self.layer_name}`"
 
 
 class LocalLayerRepository:
@@ -367,7 +377,7 @@ class LocalLayerRepository:
         return hash((self.layer_name, self._repo_path, self._package_name))
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"`{self._repo_path}` (package: {self._package_name}) for layer `{self.layer_name}`"
+        return f"`{self._repo_path}` (package: {self._package_name}), layer `{self.layer_name}`"
 
 
 class LockedLayerRepository:
@@ -422,7 +432,7 @@ class LockedLayerRepository:
         return hash((self.layer_name, self._repo_id))
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"`{self._repo_id}` (revision: {self._resolve_revision()}) for layer `{self.layer_name}`"
+        return f"`{self._repo_id}` (revision: {self._resolve_revision()}), layer `{self.layer_name}`"
 
 
 _CACHED_LAYER: Dict[LayerRepositoryProtocol, Type["nn.Module"]] = {}
@@ -447,6 +457,46 @@ class _DeviceRepos(ABC):
         ...
 
 
+class _XPURepos(_DeviceRepos):
+    _repos: Dict[Mode, LayerRepositoryProtocol]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._repos = {}
+
+    @property
+    def repos(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[Dict[Mode, LayerRepositoryProtocol]]:
+        return self._repos
+
+    def insert(self, device: Device, repos: Dict[Mode, LayerRepositoryProtocol]):
+        if device.type != "xpu":
+            raise ValueError(f"Device type must be 'xpu', got {device.type}")
+
+        self._repos = repos
+
+
+class _NPURepos(_DeviceRepos):
+    _repos: Dict[Mode, LayerRepositoryProtocol]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._repos = {}
+
+    @property
+    def repos(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[Dict[Mode, LayerRepositoryProtocol]]:
+        return self._repos
+
+    def insert(self, device: Device, repos: Dict[Mode, LayerRepositoryProtocol]):
+        if device.type != "npu":
+            raise ValueError(f"Device type must be 'npu', got {device.type}")
+
+        self._repos = repos
+
+
 class _MPSRepos(_DeviceRepos):
     _repos: Dict[Mode, LayerRepositoryProtocol]
 
@@ -531,7 +581,7 @@ class _ROCMRepos(_DeviceRepos):
 
 def _validate_device_type(device_type: str) -> None:
     """Validate that the device type is supported."""
-    supported_devices = {"cuda", "rocm", "mps", "cpu"}
+    supported_devices = {"cuda", "mps", "npu", "rocm", "xpu"}
     if device_type not in supported_devices:
         raise ValueError(
             f"Unsupported device type '{device_type}'. Supported device types are: {', '.join(sorted(supported_devices))}"
@@ -578,7 +628,7 @@ def use_kernel_mapping(
 
         from kernels import use_kernel_forward_from_hub
         from kernels import use_kernel_mapping, LayerRepository, Device
-        from kernels import kernelize
+        from kernels import Mode, kernelize
 
         # Define a mapping
         mapping = {
@@ -601,7 +651,7 @@ def use_kernel_mapping(
         # Use the mapping for the duration of the context.
         with use_kernel_mapping(mapping):
             # kernelize uses the temporary mapping
-            model = kernelize(model, device="cuda")
+            model = kernelize(model, mode=Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE, device="cuda")
 
         # Outside the context, original mappings are restored
         ```
@@ -772,7 +822,7 @@ def _select_repository(
 def kernelize(
     model: "nn.Module",
     *,
-    mode: Mode = Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE,
+    mode: Mode,
     device: Optional[Union[str, "torch.device"]] = None,
     use_fallback: bool = True,
 ):
@@ -785,11 +835,11 @@ def kernelize(
     Args:
         model (`nn.Module`):
             The PyTorch model to kernelize.
-        mode ([`Mode`], *optional*, defaults to `Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE`):
+        mode ([`Mode`]): The mode that the kernel is going to be used in. For example,
-            The mode that the kernel is going to be used in. For example, `Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE`
+            `Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE` kernelizes the model for training with
-            kernelizes the model for training with `torch.compile`.
+            `torch.compile`.
         device (`Union[str, torch.device]`, *optional*):
-            The device type to load kernels for. Supported device types are: "cuda", "rocm", "mps", "cpu".
+            The device type to load kernels for. Supported device types are: "cuda", "mps", "npu", "rocm", "xpu".
             The device type will be inferred from the model parameters when not provided.
         use_fallback (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`):
             Whether to use the original forward method of modules when no compatible kernel could be found.
@@ -813,7 +863,7 @@ def kernelize(
                 return F.silu(x[..., :d]) * x[..., d:]
 
         mapping = {
-            "LayerNorm": {
+            "SiluAndMul": {
                 "cuda": LayerRepository(
                     repo_id="kernels-community/activation",
                     layer_name="SiluAndMul",
@@ -829,7 +879,7 @@ def kernelize(
         )
 
         # Kernelize for inference
-        kernelized_model = kernelize(model)
+        kernelized_model = kernelize(model, mode=Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE)
         ```
     """
 
@@ -954,7 +1004,8 @@ def use_kernel_forward_from_hub(layer_name: str):
         import torch
         import torch.nn as nn
 
-        from kernels import use_kernel_forward_from_hub, kernelize
+        from kernels import use_kernel_forward_from_hub
+        from kernels import Mode, kernelize
 
         @use_kernel_forward_from_hub("MyCustomLayer")
         class MyCustomLayer(nn.Module):
@@ -969,7 +1020,7 @@ def use_kernel_forward_from_hub(layer_name: str):
         model = MyCustomLayer(768)
 
         # The layer can now be kernelized:
-        # model = kernelize(model, device="cuda")
+        # model = kernelize(model, mode=Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE, device="cuda")
         ```
     """
 
@@ -994,7 +1045,7 @@ def _get_kernel_layer(repo: LayerRepositoryProtocol) -> Type["nn.Module"]:
     return layer
 
 
-def _validate_layer(*, check_cls, cls):
+def _validate_layer(*, check_cls, cls, repo: LayerRepositoryProtocol):
     import torch.nn as nn
 
     # The layer must have at least have the following properties: (1) it
@@ -1003,12 +1054,12 @@ def _validate_layer(*, check_cls, cls):
     # methods.
 
     if not issubclass(cls, nn.Module):
-        raise TypeError(f"Layer `{cls}` is not a Torch layer.")
+        raise TypeError(f"Layer `{cls.__name__}` is not a Torch layer.")
 
     # We verify statelessness by checking that the does not have its own
     # constructor (since the constructor could add member variables)...
     if cls.__init__ is not nn.Module.__init__:
-        raise TypeError("Layer must not override nn.Module constructor.")
+        raise TypeError(f"{repo} must not override nn.Module constructor.")
 
     # ... or predefined member variables.
     torch_module_members = {name for name, _ in inspect.getmembers(nn.Module)}
@@ -1016,7 +1067,9 @@ def _validate_layer(*, check_cls, cls):
     difference = cls_members - torch_module_members
     # verify if : difference ⊄ {"can_torch_compile", "has_backward"}
     if not difference <= {"can_torch_compile", "has_backward"}:
-        raise TypeError("Layer must not contain additional members.")
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"{repo} must not contain additional members compared to `{check_cls.__name__}`."
+        )
 
     # Check whether the forward signatures are similar.
     params = inspect.signature(cls.forward).parameters
@@ -1024,13 +1077,13 @@ def _validate_layer(*, check_cls, cls):
 
     if len(params) != len(ref_params):
         raise TypeError(
-            "Forward signature does not match: different number of arguments."
+            f"Forward signature of {repo} does not match `{check_cls.__name__}`: different number of arguments."
         )
 
     for param, ref_param in zip(params.values(), ref_params.values()):
         if param.kind != ref_param.kind:
             raise TypeError(
-                f"Forward signature does not match: different kind of arguments ({param} ({param.kind}) and {ref_param} ({ref_param.kind})"
+                f"Forward signature of {repo} does not match `{check_cls.__name__}`: different kind of arguments ({param} ({param.kind}) and {ref_param} ({ref_param.kind})"
             )
 
 
@@ -1147,7 +1200,7 @@ def _get_layer_memoize(
         return layer
 
     layer = _get_kernel_layer(repo)
-    _validate_layer(check_cls=module_class, cls=layer)
+    _validate_layer(check_cls=module_class, cls=layer, repo=repo)
     _CACHED_LAYER[repo] = layer
 
     return layer

src/kernels/utils.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import sys
 from importlib.metadata import Distribution
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import ModuleType
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 from huggingface_hub import file_exists, snapshot_download
 from packaging.version import parse
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ from packaging.version import parse
 from kernels._versions import select_revision_or_version
 from kernels.lockfile import KernelLock, VariantLock
 
+ENV_VARS_TRUE_VALUES = {"1", "ON", "YES", "TRUE"}
+
 
 def _get_cache_dir() -> Optional[str]:
     """Returns the kernels cache directory."""
@@ -35,6 +37,14 @@ def _get_cache_dir() -> Optional[str]:
 CACHE_DIR: Optional[str] = _get_cache_dir()
 
 
+def _get_privateuse_backend_name() -> Optional[str]:
+    import torch
+
+    if hasattr(torch._C, "_get_privateuse1_backend_name"):
+        return torch._C._get_privateuse1_backend_name()
+    return None
+
+
 def build_variant() -> str:
     import torch
 
@@ -46,11 +56,17 @@ def build_variant() -> str:
         compute_framework = f"rocm{rocm_version.major}{rocm_version.minor}"
     elif torch.backends.mps.is_available():
         compute_framework = "metal"
-    elif hasattr(torch, "xpu") and torch.xpu.is_available():
+    elif hasattr(torch.version, "xpu") and torch.version.xpu is not None:
-        compute_framework = "xpu"
+        version = torch.version.xpu
+        compute_framework = f"xpu{version[0:4]}{version[5:6]}"
+    elif _get_privateuse_backend_name() == "npu":
+        from torch_npu.utils.collect_env import get_cann_version  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+
+        cann_major, cann_minor = get_cann_version()[0], get_cann_version()[2]
+        compute_framework = f"cann{cann_major}{cann_minor}"
     else:
         raise AssertionError(
-            "Torch was not compiled with CUDA, Metal, XPU, or ROCm enabled."
+            "Torch was not compiled with CUDA, Metal, XPU, NPU, or ROCm enabled."
         )
 
     torch_version = parse(torch.__version__)
@@ -94,6 +110,7 @@ def install_kernel(
     revision: str,
     local_files_only: bool = False,
     variant_locks: Optional[Dict[str, VariantLock]] = None,
+    user_agent: Optional[Union[str, dict]] = None,
 ) -> Tuple[str, Path]:
     """
     Download a kernel for the current environment to the cache.
@@ -109,6 +126,8 @@ def install_kernel(
             Whether to only use local files and not download from the Hub.
         variant_locks (`Dict[str, VariantLock]`, *optional*):
             Optional dictionary of variant locks for validation.
+        user_agent (`Union[str, dict]`, *optional*):
+            The `user_agent` info to pass to `snapshot_download()` for internal telemetry.
 
     Returns:
         `Tuple[str, Path]`: A tuple containing the package name and the path to the variant directory.
@@ -116,6 +135,7 @@ def install_kernel(
     package_name = package_name_from_repo_id(repo_id)
     variant = build_variant()
     universal_variant = universal_build_variant()
+    user_agent = _get_user_agent(user_agent=user_agent)
     repo_path = Path(
         snapshot_download(
             repo_id,
@@ -123,6 +143,7 @@ def install_kernel(
             cache_dir=CACHE_DIR,
             revision=revision,
             local_files_only=local_files_only,
+            user_agent=user_agent,
         )
     )
 
@@ -199,7 +220,10 @@ def install_kernel_all_variants(
 
 
 def get_kernel(
-    repo_id: str, revision: Optional[str] = None, version: Optional[str] = None
+    repo_id: str,
+    revision: Optional[str] = None,
+    version: Optional[str] = None,
+    user_agent: Optional[Union[str, dict]] = None,
 ) -> ModuleType:
     """
     Load a kernel from the kernel hub.
@@ -215,6 +239,8 @@ def get_kernel(
         version (`str`, *optional*):
             The kernel version to download. This can be a Python version specifier, such as `">=1.0.0,<2.0.0"`.
             Cannot be used together with `revision`.
+        user_agent (`Union[str, dict]`, *optional*):
+            The `user_agent` info to pass to `snapshot_download()` for internal telemetry.
 
     Returns:
         `ModuleType`: The imported kernel module.
@@ -231,7 +257,9 @@ def get_kernel(
         ```
     """
     revision = select_revision_or_version(repo_id, revision, version)
-    package_name, package_path = install_kernel(repo_id, revision=revision)
+    package_name, package_path = install_kernel(
+        repo_id, revision=revision, user_agent=user_agent
+    )
     return import_from_path(package_name, package_path / package_name / "__init__.py")
 
 
@@ -487,3 +515,24 @@ def git_hash_object(data: bytes, object_type: str = "blob"):
 
 def package_name_from_repo_id(repo_id: str) -> str:
     return repo_id.split("/")[-1].replace("-", "_")
+
+
+def _get_user_agent(
+    user_agent: Optional[Union[dict, str]] = None,
+) -> Union[None, dict, str]:
+    import torch
+
+    from . import __version__
+
+    if os.getenv("DISABLE_TELEMETRY", "false").upper() in ENV_VARS_TRUE_VALUES:
+        return None
+
+    if user_agent is None:
+        user_agent = {
+            "kernels": __version__,
+            "torch": torch.__version__,
+            "build_variant": build_variant(),
+            "file_type": "kernel",
+        }
+
+    return user_agent

tests/conftest.py

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import sys
 import pytest
 import torch
 
+from kernels.utils import _get_privateuse_backend_name
+
 has_cuda = (
     hasattr(torch.version, "cuda")
     and torch.version.cuda is not None
@@ -13,6 +15,20 @@ has_rocm = (
     and torch.version.hip is not None
     and torch.cuda.device_count() > 0
 )
+has_xpu = (
+    hasattr(torch.version, "xpu")
+    and torch.version.xpu is not None
+    and torch.xpu.device_count() > 0
+)
+has_npu = _get_privateuse_backend_name() == "npu"
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    parser.addoption(
+        "--token",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="run tests that require a token with write permissions",
+    )
 
 
 def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
@@ -22,3 +38,9 @@ def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
         pytest.skip("skipping ROCm-only test on host without ROCm")
     if "darwin_only" in item.keywords and not sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
         pytest.skip("skipping macOS-only test on non-macOS platform")
+    if "xpu_only" in item.keywords and not has_xpu:
+        pytest.skip("skipping XPU-only test on host without XPU")
+    if "npu_only" in item.keywords and not has_npu:
+        pytest.skip("skipping NPU-only test on host without NPU")
+    if "token" in item.keywords and not item.config.getoption("--token"):
+        pytest.skip("need --token option to run this test")

tests/kernel_locking/kernels.lock

@@ -1,82 +1,70 @@
 [
   {
     "repo_id": "kernels-community/activation",
-    "sha": "fd6842e88f1f23f198551d78a4541b8eb07e0538",
+    "sha": "83046852be158d525114f68513cd79fd88911b37",
     "variants": {
-      "torch25-cxx11-cu118-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-61e3e51b5b59b30d4a6ba943a5e6e4ef5a9c8260cc4bca40b9fb462c0777842b",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch25-cxx11-cu121-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-baa6b872040730bd1d676c011381f6f626fb96189837b828f587c806af8994fa",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch25-cxx11-cu124-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-c1ec7457847fa1f0e4ab43234dfc3cd0959977e03dc2ffe89b4f6b90970c7965",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch25-cxx98-cu118-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-412f9c841f20741e42f2c6cdb8c7da0e33ab436b219975acffe18b62b97ecd7c",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch25-cxx98-cu121-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-2fde7f97859506e000c1072b3916c0a75bc8cee750a9853ea8b68199e7b57bcd",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch25-cxx98-cu124-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-93309986f39a64a5630378108154866f0545178fa8dfef9b8f8ccfef9a78608e",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch26-cxx11-cu118-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-3284d3c64b76d92c1ee930bce8013aff307f16eefb16c2d5dea9f2ca70e71e1f",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch26-cxx11-cu124-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-36a8c93773c08ddf8ef624a8a6b2866be26d1861450dfe1ecac0bed59f9ffa47",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch26-cxx11-cu126-aarch64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-f5afb734520f587717665659798ff738a69e5ae1e34d4bd95624edd18fb165cd",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch26-cxx11-cu126-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-940841a7cb44f76c9a896d8b39f5bc0e0420f1c4c05ae9423da96778de4d1f2c",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch26-cxx98-cu118-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-8e0f907830c3acc8c6bebfc162c744012ff6973e8110d7bf8ecd74b492418204",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch26-cxx98-cu124-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-0833414cbe658baec55b7ff63537cddccc973fe99e3c03008cced5e66e38b6c1",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch26-cxx98-cu126-aarch64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-d94fa59a13a5b623b2071aadcd1e6c8477c4d557fd06ad144f15b46b1fc71aab",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch26-cxx98-cu126-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-64784f5f2f9e232d0f2fd824fbc47eadde505e3c232f351bead5b04c429c65c2",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
       "torch27-cxx11-cu118-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-bcba3765f061649bac0e5a9159bea8349ced4780e24a2330aa62ce0f8d3a9d78",
+        "hash": "sha256-e34965c814c4c092fcb634ebadefe82ea9a05b98343f8ebdefa7305dcc05359e",
-        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
-      },
-      "torch27-cxx11-cu126-aarch64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-e4625df5706af025c70bd824d952b928d9a2965eeaefda72fc47be0fae680c5e",
         "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
       },
       "torch27-cxx11-cu126-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-7d7d3e655f34a7b03d5603d7c1ab723ef3efc823291762421a8b3a4aa51bd405",
+        "hash": "sha256-5f92b35922b37224a416398a39a29b7e5f1aca1df17d5c69f1b9e9cdb7033561",
         "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
       },
       "torch27-cxx11-cu128-aarch64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-60e076194dcd55b32c5aca72f09816cba0fff52f340c8a063b17ff0577154d99",
+        "hash": "sha256-125967cb23bacd2cec443799f184ac08247dfff33f5027e54ee16d3779ca5986",
         "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
       },
       "torch27-cxx11-cu128-x86_64-linux": {
-        "hash": "sha256-f0a3802382efdcd78b40601187a9c416579a24ef2ed5a60d2296ef0951a89597",
+        "hash": "sha256-496a84c99d7035a1b6f0ea1c026b751c3a2677956f4c1be546d3cc1505a5fdbb",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch28-cxx11-cu126-aarch64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-f0775a30ffa290c90aba3a41037e3ca91edb15b4a9367561fafd5f25455e117a",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch28-cxx11-cu126-x86_64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-081995e6230f306bdf6111186618794f2411cf0ffd9b4800330df60b4ebe1927",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch28-cxx11-cu128-aarch64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-b937fef62a0c1cd71ab98490b651c473577af209b9a3e2a6b452350283d8812c",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch28-cxx11-cu128-x86_64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-a3915686cc58641a3361ece63ab77b33e9d30315dea12547e4bda008d8810a01",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch28-cxx11-cu129-aarch64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-a24dca8e998f88be42491921c9df89d88a6112ca630acd2efc2dd34a64b91fcb",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch28-cxx11-cu129-x86_64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-df6c70a70f425db2f68b86561c6f93c5675c1d5e5d058766d88ab17472229907",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch29-cxx11-cu126-aarch64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-c120011c201072b4cfd70c2ba2d45c2f05337feaf604ddec3c6c4987def33ab3",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch29-cxx11-cu126-x86_64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-765a7f3279009979be4001a23c5c70e5e6ab9553098d67886731a5275a6d4b32",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch29-cxx11-cu128-aarch64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-266d057a9cd82b872a0e02f09ac5e2660fcffcf9a7b7fa1fa8ff33dc19c0f5c2",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch29-cxx11-cu128-x86_64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-6850e594ba4588f289b5904eb88eda5a41870ee20a3bf1586f3268307caf4b53",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch29-cxx11-cu130-aarch64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-23741b935462b53bdf868f8d1c9c8cff5f02f71ea3b0550df41dc8b030b0b474",
+        "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
+      },
+      "torch29-cxx11-cu130-x86_64-linux": {
+        "hash": "sha256-b884ae792dc1eada071f31645add0c2c76d479864f25aebcdd8318b675aaaf29",
         "hash_type": "git_lfs_concat"
       }
     }

tests/test_basic.py

@@ -10,10 +10,16 @@ def kernel():
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def local_kernel():
+def local_kernel_path():
     package_name, path = install_kernel("kernels-community/activation", "main")
     # Path is the build variant path (build/torch-<...>), so the grandparent
     # is the kernel repository path.
+    return package_name, path
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def local_kernel(local_kernel_path):
+    package_name, path = local_kernel_path
     return get_local_kernel(path.parent.parent, package_name)
 
 
@@ -66,6 +72,39 @@ def test_local_kernel(local_kernel, device):
     assert torch.allclose(y, expected)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.cuda_only
+def test_local_kernel_path_types(local_kernel_path, device):
+    package_name, path = local_kernel_path
+
+    # Top-level repo path
+    # ie: /home/ubuntu/.cache/huggingface/hub/models--kernels-community--activation/snapshots/2fafa6a3a38ccb57a1a98419047cf7816ecbc071
+    kernel = get_local_kernel(path.parent.parent, package_name)
+    x = torch.arange(1, 10, dtype=torch.float16, device=device).view(3, 3)
+    y = torch.empty_like(x)
+
+    kernel.gelu_fast(y, x)
+    expected = torch.tensor(
+        [[0.8408, 1.9551, 2.9961], [4.0000, 5.0000, 6.0000], [7.0000, 8.0000, 9.0000]],
+        device=device,
+        dtype=torch.float16,
+    )
+    assert torch.allclose(y, expected)
+
+    # Build directory path
+    # ie: /home/ubuntu/.cache/huggingface/hub/models--kernels-community--activation/snapshots/2fafa6a3a38ccb57a1a98419047cf7816ecbc071/build
+    kernel = get_local_kernel(path.parent.parent / "build", package_name)
+    y = torch.empty_like(x)
+    kernel.gelu_fast(y, x)
+    assert torch.allclose(y, expected)
+
+    # Explicit package path
+    # ie: /home/ubuntu/.cache/huggingface/hub/models--kernels-community--activation/snapshots/2fafa6a3a38ccb57a1a98419047cf7816ecbc071/build/torch28-cxx11-cu128-x86_64-linux
+    kernel = get_local_kernel(path, package_name)
+    y = torch.empty_like(x)
+    kernel.gelu_fast(y, x)
+    assert torch.allclose(y, expected)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.darwin_only
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float16, torch.float32])
 def test_relu_metal(metal_kernel, dtype):

tests/test_kernel_locking.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ def test_load_locked():
     load_kernel("kernels-community/activation", lockfile=project_dir / "kernels.lock")
 
 
+@pytest.mark.cuda_only
 def test_layer_locked():
     project_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "layer_locking"
 

tests/test_kernel_upload.py

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import tempfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List
+
+import pytest
+from huggingface_hub import delete_repo, model_info, list_repo_refs
+
+from kernels.cli import upload_kernels
+
+REPO_ID = "valid_org/kernels-upload-test"
+
+
+PY_CONTENT = """\
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+def main():
+    print("Hello from torch-universal!")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
+"""
+
+
+@dataclass
+class UploadArgs:
+    kernel_dir: None
+    repo_id: None
+    private: False
+    branch: None
+
+
+def next_filename(path: Path) -> Path:
+    """
+    Given a path like foo_2050.py, return foo_2051.py.
+    """
+    m = re.match(r"^(.*?)(\d+)(\.py)$", path.name)
+    if not m:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Filename {path.name!r} does not match pattern <prefix>_<number>.py"
+        )
+
+    prefix, number, suffix = m.groups()
+    new_number = str(int(number) + 1).zfill(len(number))
+    return path.with_name(f"{prefix}{new_number}{suffix}")
+
+
+def get_filename_to_change(repo_filenames):
+    for f in repo_filenames:
+        if "foo" in f and f.endswith(".py"):
+            filename_to_change = os.path.basename(f)
+            break
+    assert filename_to_change
+    return filename_to_change
+
+
+def get_filenames_from_a_repo(repo_id: str) -> List[str]:
+    try:
+        repo_info = model_info(repo_id=repo_id, files_metadata=True)
+        repo_siblings = repo_info.siblings
+        if repo_siblings is not None:
+            return [f.rfilename for f in repo_siblings]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("No repo siblings found.")
+    except Exception as e:
+        logging.error(f"Error connecting to the Hub: {e}.")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.token
+@pytest.mark.is_staging_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("branch", (None, "foo"))
+def test_kernel_upload_works_as_expected(branch):
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        path = f"{tmpdir}/build/torch-universal/upload_test"
+        build_dir = Path(path)
+        build_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        script_path = build_dir / "foo.py"
+        script_path.write_text(PY_CONTENT)
+        upload_kernels(UploadArgs(tmpdir, REPO_ID, False, branch))
+
+    repo_filenames = get_filenames_from_a_repo(REPO_ID)
+    assert any(str(script_path.name) for f in repo_filenames)
+
+    if branch is not None:
+        refs = list_repo_refs(repo_id=REPO_ID)
+        assert any(ref_branch.name == branch for ref_branch in refs.branches)
+
+    delete_repo(repo_id=REPO_ID)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.token
+@pytest.mark.is_staging_test
+def test_kernel_upload_deletes_as_expected():
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        path = f"{tmpdir}/build/torch-universal/upload_test"
+        build_dir = Path(path)
+        build_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        script_path = build_dir / "foo_2025.py"
+        script_path.write_text(PY_CONTENT)
+        upload_kernels(UploadArgs(tmpdir, REPO_ID, False, None))
+
+    repo_filenames = get_filenames_from_a_repo(REPO_ID)
+    filename_to_change = get_filename_to_change(repo_filenames)
+
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        path = f"{tmpdir}/build/torch-universal/upload_test"
+        build_dir = Path(path)
+        build_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        changed_filename = next_filename(Path(filename_to_change))
+        script_path = build_dir / changed_filename
+        script_path.write_text(PY_CONTENT)
+        upload_kernels(UploadArgs(tmpdir, REPO_ID, False, None))
+
+    repo_filenames = get_filenames_from_a_repo(REPO_ID)
+    assert any(str(changed_filename) in k for k in repo_filenames), f"{repo_filenames=}"
+    assert not any(
+        str(filename_to_change) in k for k in repo_filenames
+    ), f"{repo_filenames=}"
+    delete_repo(repo_id=REPO_ID)

tests/test_layer.py

@@ -21,14 +21,21 @@ from kernels.layer import (
     _KERNEL_MAPPING,
     _validate_layer,
 )
-from kernels.utils import install_kernel
+from kernels.utils import (
+    _get_privateuse_backend_name,
+    install_kernel,
+)
 
 kernel_layer_mapping = {
     "SiluAndMul": {
         Device(type="cuda"): LayerRepository(
             repo_id="kernels-community/activation",
             layer_name="SiluAndMul",
-        )
+        ),
+        "npu": LayerRepository(
+            repo_id="kernels-ext-npu/SwiGlu",
+            layer_name="SwiGlu",
+        ),
     },
     "SiluAndMulNoCompile": {
         "cuda": LayerRepository(
@@ -46,11 +53,37 @@ kernel_layer_mapping = {
             layer_name="SiluAndMul",
         )
     },
+    "LigerRMSNorm": {
+        "xpu": LayerRepository(
+            repo_id="kernels-community/liger_kernels",
+            layer_name="LigerRMSNorm",  # Triton
+        )
+    },
 }
 
 register_kernel_mapping(kernel_layer_mapping)
 
 
+class RMSNorm(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, weight: torch.Tensor, eps: float = 1e-6):
+        super().__init__()
+        # Used to check that we called hub kernel.
+        self.n_calls = 0
+        self.weight = nn.Parameter(weight)
+        self.variance_epsilon = eps
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
+        self.n_calls += 1
+        var = x.pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True)
+        x_norm = x * torch.rsqrt(var + self.variance_epsilon)
+        return x_norm * self.weight
+
+
+@use_kernel_forward_from_hub("LigerRMSNorm")
+class RMSNormWithKernel(RMSNorm):
+    pass
+
+
 class SiluAndMul(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self):
         super().__init__()
@@ -90,6 +123,18 @@ class TorchLinearWithCounter(nn.Linear):
         return super().forward(input)
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def device():
+    if torch.cuda.is_available():
+        return "cuda"
+    elif hasattr(torch, "xpu") and torch.xpu.is_available():
+        return "xpu"
+    elif _get_privateuse_backend_name() == "npu":
+        return "npu"
+
+    pytest.skip("No CUDA, NPU or XPU")
+
+
 def test_arg_kinds():
     @use_kernel_forward_from_hub("ArgKind")
     class ArgKind(nn.Module):
@@ -110,24 +155,20 @@ def test_arg_kinds():
 
 @pytest.mark.cuda_only
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("cls", [SiluAndMulWithKernel, SiluAndMulStringDevice])
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("device", ["cuda", "cpu"])
+def test_hub_forward(cls):
-def test_hub_forward(cls, device):
     torch.random.manual_seed(0)
 
     silu_and_mul = SiluAndMul()
-    X = torch.randn((32, 64), device=device)
+    X = torch.randn((32, 64), device="cuda")
     Y = silu_and_mul(X)
 
-    silu_and_mul_with_kernel = kernelize(cls(), device=device, mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
+    silu_and_mul_with_kernel = kernelize(cls(), device="cuda", mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
     Y_kernel = silu_and_mul_with_kernel(X)
 
     torch.testing.assert_close(Y_kernel, Y)
 
     assert silu_and_mul.n_calls == 1
-    if device == "cuda":
+    assert silu_and_mul_with_kernel.n_calls == 0
-        assert silu_and_mul_with_kernel.n_calls == 0
-    else:
-        assert silu_and_mul_with_kernel.n_calls == 1
 
 
 @pytest.mark.rocm_only
@@ -151,6 +192,54 @@ def test_hub_forward_rocm():
     assert silu_and_mul_with_kernel.n_calls in [0, 1]
 
 
+@pytest.mark.xpu_only
+def test_hub_forward_xpu():
+    torch.manual_seed(0)
+
+    hidden_size = 1024
+    weight = torch.ones(hidden_size, device="xpu")
+    rms_norm = RMSNorm(weight).to("xpu")
+    X = torch.randn(4, 16, hidden_size, device="xpu", dtype=torch.float32)
+    Y = rms_norm(X)
+
+    rms_norm_with_kernel = kernelize(
+        RMSNormWithKernel(weight), mode=Mode.INFERENCE, device="xpu"
+    )
+    Y_kernel = rms_norm_with_kernel(X)
+
+    torch.testing.assert_close(Y_kernel, Y)
+
+    assert rms_norm.n_calls == 1
+    assert rms_norm_with_kernel.n_calls == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.npu_only
+def test_hub_forward_npu():
+    torch.manual_seed(0)
+
+    silu_and_mul = SiluAndMul()
+    X = torch.randn((32, 64), device="npu")
+    Y = silu_and_mul(X)
+
+    silu_and_mul_with_kernel = kernelize(
+        SiluAndMulWithKernel(), device="npu", mode=Mode.INFERENCE
+    )
+    Y_kernel = silu_and_mul_with_kernel(X)
+
+    torch.testing.assert_close(Y_kernel, Y)
+
+    assert silu_and_mul.n_calls == 1
+    assert silu_and_mul_with_kernel.n_calls == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    hasattr(torch, "xpu") and getattr(torch.xpu, "is_available", lambda: False)(),
+    reason="Skip on xpu devices",
+)
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    _get_privateuse_backend_name() == "npu",
+    reason="Skip on npu devices",
+)
 def test_rocm_kernel_mapping():
     """Test that ROCm shorthand device mapping works correctly."""
     kernel_layer_mapping = {
@@ -238,16 +327,16 @@ def test_layer_fallback_works():
     kernelize(silu_and_mul, device="cuda", mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
 
 
-def test_local_layer_repo():
+def test_local_layer_repo(device):
     # Fetch a kernel to the local cache.
     package_name, path = install_kernel("kernels-test/backward-marker-test", "main")
 
-    linear = TorchLinearWithCounter(32, 32).to("cuda")
+    linear = TorchLinearWithCounter(32, 32).to(device)
 
     with use_kernel_mapping(
         {
             "Linear": {
-                "cuda": LocalLayerRepository(
+                device: LocalLayerRepository(
                     # install_kernel will give the fully-resolved path.
                     repo_path=path.parent.parent,
                     package_name=package_name,
@@ -259,7 +348,7 @@ def test_local_layer_repo():
     ):
         kernelize(linear, mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
 
-    X = torch.randn(10, 32, device="cuda")
+    X = torch.randn(10, 32, device=device)
     linear(X)
     assert linear.n_calls == 0
 
@@ -327,6 +416,7 @@ def test_mapping_contexts():
         "SiluAndMul",
         "SiluAndMulStringDevice",
         "SiluAndMulNoCompile",
+        "LigerRMSNorm",
     }
 
     extra_mapping1 = {
@@ -344,6 +434,7 @@ def test_mapping_contexts():
             "SiluAndMul",
             "SiluAndMulStringDevice",
             "SiluAndMulNoCompile",
+            "LigerRMSNorm",
             "TestKernel",
         }
 
@@ -362,6 +453,7 @@ def test_mapping_contexts():
                 "SiluAndMul",
                 "SiluAndMulStringDevice",
                 "SiluAndMulNoCompile",
+                "LigerRMSNorm",
                 "TestKernel",
             }
             assert (
@@ -375,6 +467,7 @@ def test_mapping_contexts():
             "SiluAndMul",
             "SiluAndMulStringDevice",
             "SiluAndMulNoCompile",
+            "LigerRMSNorm",
             "TestKernel",
         }
         assert (
@@ -397,6 +490,7 @@ def test_mapping_contexts():
             "SiluAndMul",
             "SiluAndMulStringDevice",
             "SiluAndMulNoCompile",
+            "LigerRMSNorm",
             "TestKernel",
         }
         assert (
@@ -408,6 +502,7 @@ def test_mapping_contexts():
         "SiluAndMul",
         "SiluAndMulStringDevice",
         "SiluAndMulNoCompile",
+        "LigerRMSNorm",
     }
 
 
@@ -417,26 +512,43 @@ def test_validate_kernel_layer():
             super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
             self.foo = 42
 
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="not override"):
+    def stub_repo(layer):
-        _validate_layer(cls=BadLayer, check_cls=SiluAndMul)
+        return LayerRepository(
+            repo_id="kernels-test/nonexisting", layer_name=layer.__name__
+        )
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+        TypeError,
+        match="`kernels-test/nonexisting`.*layer `BadLayer` must not override",
+    ):
+        _validate_layer(cls=BadLayer, check_cls=SiluAndMul, repo=stub_repo(BadLayer))
 
     class BadLayer2(nn.Module):
         foo: int = 42
 
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="not contain additional members"):
+    with pytest.raises(
-        _validate_layer(cls=BadLayer2, check_cls=SiluAndMul)
+        TypeError,
+        match="`kernels-test/nonexisting`.*layer `BadLayer2` must not contain.*SiluAndMul",
+    ):
+        _validate_layer(cls=BadLayer2, check_cls=SiluAndMul, repo=stub_repo(BadLayer2))
 
     class BadLayer3(nn.Module):
         def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, foo: int) -> torch.Tensor: ...
 
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="different number of arguments"):
+    with pytest.raises(
-        _validate_layer(cls=BadLayer3, check_cls=SiluAndMul)
+        TypeError,
+        match="Forward.*`kernels-test/nonexisting`.*layer `BadLayer3` does not match `SiluAndMul`: different number of arguments",
+    ):
+        _validate_layer(cls=BadLayer3, check_cls=SiluAndMul, repo=stub_repo(BadLayer3))
 
     class BadLayer4(nn.Module):
         def forward(self, *, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: ...
 
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="different kind of arguments"):
+    with pytest.raises(
-        _validate_layer(cls=BadLayer4, check_cls=SiluAndMul)
+        TypeError,
+        match="Forward.*`kernels-test/nonexisting`.*layer `BadLayer4` does not match `SiluAndMul`: different kind of arguments",
+    ):
+        _validate_layer(cls=BadLayer4, check_cls=SiluAndMul, repo=stub_repo(BadLayer4))
 
 
 @pytest.mark.cuda_only
@@ -488,11 +600,6 @@ def test_kernel_modes():
         linear(X)
         assert linear.n_calls == 0
 
-        # Same as previous, since TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE is the default.
-        kernelize(linear)
-        linear(X)
-        assert linear.n_calls == 0
-
     # Case 2: register a kernel just for training. If no base kernel
     #         layer is registered, we fall back to the original layer.
     with use_kernel_mapping(
@@ -522,12 +629,6 @@ def test_kernel_modes():
         # TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE cannot fall back to TRAINING kernel, so uses original.
         assert linear.n_calls == 1
 
-        # Same as previous, since TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE is the default.
-        kernelize(linear)
-        linear(X)
-        # TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE cannot fall back to TRAINING kernel, so uses original.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
-
     # Case 3: register a kernel just for training and one for fallback.
     with use_kernel_mapping(
         {
@@ -549,23 +650,17 @@ def test_kernel_modes():
         X = torch.randn(10, 32, device="cuda")
         linear(X)
         # Falls back to TRAINING.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
+        assert linear.n_calls == 1
 
         kernelize(linear, mode=Mode.TRAINING)
         linear(X)
         # Falls back to the TRAINING kernel.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
+        assert linear.n_calls == 1
 
         kernelize(linear, mode=Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE)
         linear(X)
         # TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE falls back to FALLBACK kernel.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
+        assert linear.n_calls == 1
-
-        # Same as previous, since TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE is the default.
-        kernelize(linear)
-        linear(X)
-        # TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE falls back to FALLBACK kernel.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
 
     # Case 4: register a kernel with two preferences.
     with use_kernel_mapping(
@@ -585,22 +680,17 @@ def test_kernel_modes():
         X = torch.randn(10, 32, device="cuda")
         linear(X)
         # Falls back to the TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE kernel.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
+        assert linear.n_calls == 1
 
         kernelize(linear, mode=Mode.TRAINING)
         linear(X)
         # TRAINING can fall back to TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE kernel.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
+        assert linear.n_calls == 1
 
         kernelize(linear, mode=Mode.TRAINING | Mode.TORCH_COMPILE)
         linear(X)
         # Uses TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE kernel.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
+        assert linear.n_calls == 1
-
-        kernelize(linear)
-        linear(X)
-        # Same as previous, since TRAINING | TORCH_COMPILE is the default.
-        assert linear.n_calls == 2
 
 
 @pytest.mark.cuda_only
@@ -949,7 +1039,7 @@ def test_kernel_modes_cross_fallback():
         assert linear.n_calls == 2
 
 
-def test_layer_versions():
+def test_layer_versions(device):
     @use_kernel_forward_from_hub("Version")
     class Version(nn.Module):
         def forward(self) -> str:
@@ -960,20 +1050,20 @@ def test_layer_versions():
     with use_kernel_mapping(
         {
             "Version": {
-                Device(type="cuda"): LayerRepository(
+                Device(type=device): LayerRepository(
                     repo_id="kernels-test/versions",
                     layer_name="Version",
                 )
             }
         }
     ):
-        version = kernelize(version, device="cuda", mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
+        version = kernelize(version, device=device, mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
         assert version() == "0.2.0"
 
     with use_kernel_mapping(
         {
             "Version": {
-                Device(type="cuda"): LayerRepository(
+                Device(type=device): LayerRepository(
                     repo_id="kernels-test/versions",
                     layer_name="Version",
                     version="<1.0.0",
@@ -981,13 +1071,13 @@ def test_layer_versions():
             }
         }
     ):
-        version = kernelize(version, device="cuda", mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
+        version = kernelize(version, device=device, mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
         assert version() == "0.2.0"
 
     with use_kernel_mapping(
         {
             "Version": {
-                Device(type="cuda"): LayerRepository(
+                Device(type=device): LayerRepository(
                     repo_id="kernels-test/versions",
                     layer_name="Version",
                     version="<0.2.0",
@@ -995,13 +1085,13 @@ def test_layer_versions():
             }
         }
     ):
-        version = kernelize(version, device="cuda", mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
+        version = kernelize(version, device=device, mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
         assert version() == "0.1.1"
 
     with use_kernel_mapping(
         {
             "Version": {
-                Device(type="cuda"): LayerRepository(
+                Device(type=device): LayerRepository(
                     repo_id="kernels-test/versions",
                     layer_name="Version",
                     version=">0.1.0,<0.2.0",
@@ -1009,13 +1099,13 @@ def test_layer_versions():
             }
         }
     ):
-        version = kernelize(version, device="cuda", mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
+        version = kernelize(version, device=device, mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
         assert version() == "0.1.1"
 
     with use_kernel_mapping(
         {
             "Version": {
-                Device(type="cuda"): LayerRepository(
+                Device(type=device): LayerRepository(
                     repo_id="kernels-test/versions",
                     layer_name="Version",
                     version=">0.2.0",
@@ -1024,13 +1114,13 @@ def test_layer_versions():
         }
     ):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"No version.*satisfies requirement"):
-            kernelize(version, device="cuda", mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
+            kernelize(version, device=device, mode=Mode.INFERENCE)
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"Either a revision or a version.*not both"):
         use_kernel_mapping(
             {
                 "Version": {
-                    Device(type="cuda"): LayerRepository(
+                    Device(type=device): LayerRepository(
                         repo_id="kernels-test/versions",
                         layer_name="Version",
                         revision="v0.1.0",