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        <PMID Version="1">30108519</PMID>
        <DateRevised>
            <Year>2018</Year>
            <Month>08</Month>
            <Day>17</Day>
        </DateRevised>
        <Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Print">1664-042X</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print">
                    <Volume>9</Volume>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2018</Year>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Frontiers in physiology</Title>
                <ISOAbbreviation>Front Physiol</ISOAbbreviation>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>A &quot;<i>Blood Relationship&quot;</i> Between the Overlooked Minimum Lactate Equivalent and Maximal Lactate Steady State in Trained Runners. Back to the Old Days?</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>1034</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fphys.2018.01034</ELocationID>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS) and Lactate Threshold (LT) are physiologically-related and fundamental concepts within the sports and exercise sciences. Literature supporting their relationship, however, is scarce. Among the recognized LTs, we were particularly interested in the disused &quot;Minimum Lactate Equivalent&quot; (LE<sub>min</sub>), first described in the early 1980s. We hypothesized that velocity at LT, conceptually comprehended as in the old days (LE<sub>min</sub>), could predict velocity at MLSS (<sub>V</sub>MLSS) more accurate than some other blood lactate-related thresholds (BL<sub>R</sub>Ts) routinely used nowadays by many sport science practitioners. Thirteen male endurance-trained [<sub>V</sub>MLSS 15.0 ± 1.1 km·h<sup>-1</sup>; maximal oxygen uptake ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
                        <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mover>
                                    <mml:mrow>
                                        <mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
                                    </mml:mrow>
                                    <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                                </mml:mover>
                                <mml:mi>O</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                    </mml:math> ) 67.6 ± 4.1 ml·kg<sup>-1</sup>·min<sup>-1</sup>] homogeneous (coefficient of variation: ≈7%) runners conducted 1) a submaximal discontinuous incremental running test to determine several BL<sub>R</sub>Ts followed by a maximal ramp incremental running test for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
                        <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mover>
                                    <mml:mrow>
                                        <mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
                                    </mml:mrow>
                                    <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                                </mml:mover>
                                <mml:mi>O</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                        <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                    </mml:math> determination, and 2) several (4-5) constant velocity running tests to determine <sub>V</sub>MLSS with a precision of 0.20 km·h<sup>-1</sup>. Determined BL<sub>R</sub>Ts include LE<sub>min</sub> and LE<sub>min</sub>-related LE<sub>min</sub> plus 1 (LE<sub>min+1mM</sub>) and 1.5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> (LE<sub>min+1.5mM</sub>), along with well-established BL<sub>R</sub>Ts such as conventionally-calculated LT, D<sub>max</sub> and fixed blood lactate concentration thresholds. LE<sub>min</sub> did not differ from LT (<i>P</i> = 0.71; ES: 0.08) and was 27% lower than MLSS (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001; ES: 3.54). LE<sub>min+1mM</sub> was not different from MLSS (<i>P</i> = 0.47; ES: 0.09). LE<sub>min</sub> was the best predictor of <sub>V</sub>MLSS (<i>r</i> = 0.91; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001; SEE = 0.47 km·h<sup>-1</sup>), followed by LE<sub>min+1mM</sub> (<i>r</i> = 0.86; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001; SEE = 0.58 km·h<sup>-1</sup>) and LE<sub>min+1.5mM</sub> (<i>r</i> = 0.84; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001; SEE = 0.86 km·h<sup>-1</sup>). There was no statistical difference between MLSS and estimated MLSS using LE<sub>min</sub> prediction formula (<i>P</i> = 0.99; ES: 0.001). Mean bias and limits of agreement were 0.00 ± 0.45 km·h<sup>-1</sup> and ±0.89 km·h<sup>-1</sup>. Additionally, LE<sub>min</sub>, LE<sub>min+1mM</sub> and LE<sub>min+1.5mM</sub> were the best predictors of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
                        <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mover>
                                    <mml:mrow>
                                        <mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
                                    </mml:mrow>
                                    <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                                </mml:mover>
                                <mml:mi>O</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
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                    </mml:math> (<i>r</i> = 0.72-0.79; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). These results support LE<sub>min</sub>, an objective submaximal overlooked and underused BL<sub>R</sub>T, to be one of the best single MLSS predictors in endurance trained runners. Our study advocates factors controlling LE<sub>min</sub> to be shared, at least partly, with those controlling MLSS.</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Garcia-Tabar</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Ibai</ForeName>
                    <Initials>I</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Gorostiaga</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Esteban M</ForeName>
                    <Initials>EM</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
            <ArticleDate DateType="Electronic">
                <Year>2018</Year>
                <Month>07</Month>
                <Day>31</Day>
            </ArticleDate>
        </Article>
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            <Country>Switzerland</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Front Physiol</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>101549006</NlmUniqueID>
            <ISSNLinking>1664-042X</ISSNLinking>
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        <KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM">
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Owles' point</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">aerobic capacity</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">aerobic threshold</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">anaerobic threshold</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">endurance assessment</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">lactate threshold</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">oxygen endurance performance limit</Keyword>
            <Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">submaximal exercise testing</Keyword>
        </KeywordList>
    </MedlineCitation>
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                <Year>2018</Year>
                <Month>05</Month>
                <Day>22</Day>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted">
                <Year>2018</Year>
                <Month>07</Month>
                <Day>11</Day>
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                <Year>2018</Year>
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                <Day>16</Day>
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